Browsing by Author "Peixoto, Ermelindo Bernardo"
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- Bases de um modelo de intervenção para o ensino de crianças socioculturalmente desfavorecidasPublication . Peixoto, Ermelindo BernardoComeçando por demonstrar o impacto das carências sociais no desenvolvimento intelectual e na motivação pelo rendimento, o presente trabalho visa lançar as bases de um modelo de intervenção que, ao basear-se no ensino directo, por turma, é susceptível não só de atender às necessidades de aprendizagem dos alunos provenientes dos meios socioculturalmente desfavorecidos como também de assegurar o êxito continuado na aprendizagem aos alunos mais dotados inseridos, porventura, na mesma classe.
- Characterization and predictors of paranoid ideation in youthsPublication . Sousa, Marina; Carvalho, Célia; da Motta, Carolina; Cabral, Joana Moura; Pereira, Vera Lúcia do Couto; Caldeira, Suzana Nunes; Peixoto, Ermelindo BernardoParanoid ideation is a common thought process that constitutes a defence against perceived social threats. The current study aimed at the characterization of paranoid ideation in youths and to explore the possible predictors involved in the development of paranoid ideations. Paranoid ideation, shame, submission, early childhood memories and current depressive, anxious and stress symptomatology was assessed in a sample of 1516 Portuguese youths. Higher frequencies of paranoid ideation were observed, particularly in females and youths from lower socio-economic status. The main predictors identified relates to submissive behaviors and adverse childhood experiences, and especially to shame feelings. The current study emphasizes that the predictors are similar to findings in adults and clinical populations, and future implications to research and clinical practice aiming at paranoid ideations are discussed, as well as the pertinence of the study of mediating factors that allow a wider understanding of this thought process in younger populations and the prevention of psychopathology in adulthood.
- Characterization and Predictors of Paranoid Ideation in YouthsPublication . Sousa, Marina; Carvalho, Célia; da Motta, Carolina; Cabral, Joana Moura; Pereira, Vera Lúcia do Couto; Caldeira, Suzana Nunes; Peixoto, Ermelindo BernardoParanoid ideation is a common thought process that constitutes a defense against perceived social threats. The current study aimed at the characterization of paranoid ideation in youths and to explore the possible predictors involved in the development of paranoid ideations. Paranoid ideation, shame, submission, early childhood memories and current depressive, anxious and stress symptomatology were assessed in a sample of 1516 Portuguese youths. Higher frequencies of paranoid ideation were observed, particularly in females and youths from lower socioeconomic status. The main predictors identified relates to submissive behaviors and adverse childhood experiences, and especially to shame feelings. The current study emphasizes that the predictors are similar to findings in adults and clinical populations, and future implications to research and clinical practice aiming at paranoid ideations are discussed, as well as the pertinence of the study of mediating factors that allow a wider understanding of this thought process in younger populations and the prevention of psychopathology in adulthood.
- Development and Validation of the Response to Stressful Situations Scale in the General PopulationPublication . Carvalho, Célia; Motta, Carolina; Sousa, Marina; Cabral, Joana; Carvalho, Ana Luisa; Peixoto, Ermelindo BernardoThe aim of the current study was to develop and validate a Response to Stressful Situations Scale (RSSS) for the Portuguese population. This scale assesses the degree of stress experienced in scenarios that can constitute positive, negative and more neutral stressors, and also describes the physiological, emotional and behavioral reactions to those events according to their intensity. These scenarios include typical stressor scenarios relevant to patients with schizophrenia, which are currently absent from most scales, assessing specific risks that these stressors may bring on subjects, which may prove useful in non-clinical and clinical populations (i.e. Patients with mood or anxiety disorders, schizophrenia). Results from Principal Components Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of two adult samples from general population allowed to confirm a three-factor model with good fit indices: χ2 (144)= 370.211, p = 0.000; GFI = 0.928; CFI = 0.927; TLI = 0.914, RMSEA = 0.055, P(rmsea ≤0.005) = .096; PCFI = .781. Further data analysis of the scale revealed that RSSS is an adequate assessment tool of stress response in adults to be used in further research and clinical settings, with good psychometric haracteristics, adequate divergent and convergent validity, good temporal stability and high internal consistency.
- Hallucinatory Activity in Schizophrenia : The Relationship with Childhood Memories, Submissive Behavior, Social Comparison, and DepressionPublication . Carvalho, Célia; Motta, Carolina; Pinto-Gouveia, José; Peixoto, Ermelindo BernardoAuditory hallucinations among the most invalidating and distressing experiences reported by patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, leading to feelings of powerlessness and helplessness towards their illness. In more severe cases, these auditory hallucinations can take the form of commanding voices, which are often related to high suicidality rates in these patients. Several authors propose that the meanings attributed to the hallucinatory experience, rather than characteristics like form and content, can be determinant in patients’ reactions to hallucinatory activity, particularly in the case of voice-hearing experiences. In this study, patients diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia presenting auditory hallucinations were studied. Multiple regression analyses were computed to study the influence of several developmental aspects, such as family and social dynamics, bullying, depression, and sociocognitive variables on the auditory hallucinations, on patients’ attributions and relationships with their voices, and on the resulting invalidation of hallucinatory experience. Overall, results showed how relationships with voices can mirror several aspects of interpersonal relationship with others, and how self-schemas, depression and actual social relationships help shaping the voice-hearing experience. Early experiences of victimization and submission help predict the attributions of omnipotence of the voices, and increased hostility from parents seems to increase the malevolence of the voices, suggesting that socio-cognitive factors can significantly contribute to the etiology and maintenance of auditory hallucinations. The understanding of the characteristics of auditory hallucinations and the relationships patients established with their voices can allow the development of more promising therapeutic interventions that can be more effective in decreasing invalidation caused by this devastating mental illness.
- Influence of Family and Childhood Memories in the Development and Manifestation of Paranoid IdeationPublication . Carvalho, Célia; Motta, Carolina; Pinto-Gouveia, José; Peixoto, Ermelindo BernardoSeveral studies point out to the influence of social experiences on perceptions of the environment and others in cognitive functioning and different aspects of psychopathology. The current study aimed at studying the influence of the psychosocial risk factors in a mixed sample of participants from the general population and affected by paranoid schizophrenia. The extent to which the existence of negative life events and events that are threatening to the inner models of the self (i.e., history of maltreatment, physical, social or psychological abuse) or the memories of these traumatic events occurring during childhood are related to the existence of paranoid beliefs in adulthood was explored. Results suggested that memories of parental behaviours characterized by antipathy from both parental figures, submissiveness and bullying victimization were important predictors of paranoid ideation in adult life. This further emphasizes the need for understanding the family and social dynamics of people presenting paranoid ideations to the development of therapeutic interventions that can effectively reduce the invalidation caused by severe psychopathology, as is the case of schizophrenia.
- Paranoia as a continuum in the populationPublication . Carvalho, Célia; Pinto-Gouveia, José; Peixoto, Ermelindo Bernardo; Motta, CarolinaParanoid beliefs, though key to the diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, are not exclusively seen in patients suffering from this psychopathology and exist in less severe forms across different populations. Evaluating these symptoms as a continuum may be more interesting for the understanding of paranoia rather than the dichotomous approach to this kind of ideation. The main goal of the current research is to assess how paranoid beliefs are present across different populations. Using the Portuguese versions of the General Paranoia Scale and the Paranoia checklist, we compared the endorsement of paranoid beliefs in 187 subjects (64 healthy controls from the general population, 32 relatives from schizophrenia patients, 30 patients in remission and 61 patients with acute schizophrenia symptoms). The results show that paranoia is present throughout the population, from non-clinical forms to more severe clinical samples, demonstrating a continuum of increased frequency and intensity until it reaches a delusional level. Environmental factors in the endorsement of such beliefs are also discussed.
- Paranoia in the General Population : a revised version of the General Paranoia Scale for adolescentsPublication . Carvalho, Célia; Pereira, Vanessa Micaela da Ponte; da Motta, Carolina; Pinto-Gouveia, José; Caldeira, Suzana Nunes; Peixoto, Ermelindo Bernardo; Fenigstein, AllanThe aim of the current study was to validate the General Paranoia Scale for Portuguese Adolescents population (GPS-A). This scale assesses the paranoid ideation in non-clinical population. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis of the scale on 1218 youths confirmed an alternative model to the one-dimensional model proposed by Fenigstein and Vanable (1992) comprising three different dimensions (Mistrust thoughts, persecutory ideas and depreciation). This alternative model presented a good fit: χ2 (162)= 727.200, p = .000; CFI = .925; RMSEA = .054, P(rmsea ≤0.05) = .000; PCFI = .788; AIC = 863.200. All items presented adequate factor loadings (λij ≥0.5) and individual reliability ((λij)2 ≥0.25). Further data analysis on the scale revealed that the GPS-A is an adequate assessment tool for adolescents, with good psychometric characteristics and high internal consistency.
- Paranoia in the General Population : a revised version of the General Paranoia Scale for AdultsPublication . Carvalho, Célia; Sousa, Marina; da Motta, Carolina; Pinto-Gouveia, José; Caldeira, Suzana Nunes; Peixoto, Ermelindo Bernardo; Cabral, Joana Moura; Fenigstein, AllanBackground: Paranoid ideation has been regarded as a cognitive and a social process used as a defence against perceived threats. According to this perspective, paranoid ideation can be understood as a process extending across the normal-pathological continuum. Methods: In order to refine the construct of paranoid ideation and to validate a measure of paranoia, 906 Portuguese participants from the general population and 91 patients were administered the General Paranoia Scale (GPS), and two conceptual models (one - and tridimensional) were compared through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: Results from the CFA of the GPS confirmed a different model than the one-dimensional model proposed by Fenigstein and Vanable, which com-prised three dimensions (mistrust thoughts, persecutory ideas, and self-deprecation). This alternative model presented a better fit and increased sensitivity when compared with the one-dimensional model. Further data analysis of the scale revealed that the GPS is an adequate assessment tool for adults, with good psychometric characteristics and high internal consistency. Conclusion: The model proposed in the current work leads to further refinements and enrichment of the construct of paranoia in different populations, allowing the assessment of three dimensions of paranoia and the risk of clinical paranoia in a single measure for the general population.
- Quando a dor alivia o sofrimento : autodano e adolescênciaPublication . Carvalho, Célia; Nunes, Carolina; Motta, Carolina; Sousa, Marina; Cabral, Joana Moura; Benevides, Joana; Caldeira, Suzana Nunes; Peixoto, Ermelindo Bernardo[…]. Um aspeto fundamental na avaliação do AD refere-se ao método utilizado (instrumentos de autorrelato, entrevistas, questões avulsas, anonimato, etc.), bem como o cuidado tido na adequação das propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos de medida desenvolvidos noutros países a nossa população. Assim, e com o intuito de conhecer a realidade da juventude açoriana no que se refere a estes comportamentos, foi desenvolvido e validado um instrumento que permite a avaliação do AD e constructos relacionados (impulsividade, comportamentos de risco, ideação suicida), bem como dos métodos de AD e suas funções (15) nos jovens adolescentes portugueses. Este instrumento foi posteriormente utilizado no estudo de caracterização do AD na população adolescente de S. Miguel, o qual contou com uma amostra aleatória e representativa de 1763 jovens do ensino público e privado (50% do total desta população, o que garante a possibilidade de generalização dos resultados). […].