Untitled

Funder

Organizational Unit

Publications

Effects of tourism operations on the bahavioural patterns of dolphin populations off the Azores with particular emphasis on the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)

Publication . Cecchetti, Arianna; Azevedo, José Manuel Viegas de Oliveira Neto; Gordon, Jonathan; Stockin, Karen Ann

Nos Açores encontram-se cerca de 30% das espécies de cetáceos atualmente conhecidas. Esta grande diversidade constitui um suporte para o desenvolvimento de atividades marítimas recreativas como a observação de cetáceos e a natação com golfinhos. Estas atividades começaram nos Açores nos anos 1990 com uma só empresa na ilha de Pico mas atualmente é desenvolvida por 24 empresas distribuídas em quatro ilhas. O crescimento contínuo das atividades recreativas com cetáceos aumenta a probabilidade de que estas tenham efeitos negativos nas populações alvo. Existem vários estudos a nível internacional sobre os efeitos a curto prazo que se podem detetar durante as interações com barcos turísticos. Estes incluem alterações de comportamento, como mudanças de direção e velocidade de deslocamento, de coesão dos grupos ou das vocalizações usadas na comunicação e na ecolocalização. Estas alterações por si só podem levar a um aumento individual do dispêndio energético assim como a uma diminuição da energia adquirida durante a atividade de alimentação, se esta for interrompida. A longo prazo, porém, poderão os impactos individuais refletir-se negativamente ao nível populacional. A atividade está regulamentada nos Açores, estando a revisão da legislação a ser discutida com os operadores. Estes regulamentos visam evitar que as atividades de observação e de natação sejam prejudiciais para as populações de cetáceos. Porém, para a elaboração de uma legislação eficaz é fundamental o conhecimento da ecologia e do comportamento de base das espécies exploradas e os Açores ainda carecem destas informações, assim como dos efeitos das atividades turísticas atuais. Entre as espécies mais avistadas e mais representativas do turismo local encontramos o golfinho comum (Delphinus delphis) que, apesar do seu nome e de ser relativamente abundante nas águas do Arquipélago, permanece uma espécie cujo comportamento é ainda muito pouco conhecido. Outros golfinhos comummente avistados são o roaz (Tursiops truncatus) e o pintado (Stenella frontalis). Neste sentido o presente estudo visa (1) descrever pela primeira vez os patrões comportamentais do golfinho comum, com particular atenção na variabilidade temporal do balanço de atividade, (2) estudar mudanças comportamentais desta espécie durante a interação com os barcos turísticos, sejam estes de observação ou de natação, (3) avaliar a resposta comportamental das três espécies de golfinho durante as atividades de natação, (4) usar os resultados para sugerir medidas e apoiar decisões de gestão em matéria de conservação dos recursos naturais e de desenvolvimento sustentável das atividades turísticas. [...].

2018-06-07Doctoral thesis

Open access

Crabs tell the difference : relating trace metal content with land use and landscape attributes

Publication . Álvaro, Nuno V.; Neto, Ana I.; Couto, Ruben P.; Azevedo, José M. N.; Rodrigues, Armindo

Heavy metal concentration in a given locality depends upon its natural characteristics and level of anthropogenic pressure. Volcanic sites have a different heavy metal footprint from agriculture soils and both differ from urban centres. Different animal species absorb heavy metals differently according to their feeding behaviour and physiology. Depending on the capability to accumulate heavy metals, some species can be used in biomonitoring programs for the identification of disturbed areas. Crabs are included in these species and known to accumulate heavy metals. The present study investigates the potential of Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787), a small crab abundant in the Azores intertidal, as an indicator of the presence of heavy metals in Azorean coastal environments, comparing hydrothermal vent locations, urban centres and locations adjacent to agricultural activity. Specimens were collected in the same period and had their hepatopancreas removed, dried and analysed for heavy metals. Results revealed differences in concentration of the studied elements between all sampling sites, each one revealing a distinct heavy metal content. Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Cd are the metals responsible for separating the various sites. The concentration levels of the heavy metals recorded in the present study reflect the environmental available metals where the organisms live. This, associated to the large availability of P. marmoratus specimens in the Azores, and to the fact that these animals are easy to capture and handle, suggests this species as a potential bioindicator for heavy metal concentration in Azorean coastal areas, both humanized and naturally disturbed.

2016Journal article

Restricted access

Factors limiting the establishment of canopy-forming algae on artificial structures

Publication . Cacabelos, Eva; Martins, Gustavo M.; Thompson, Richard C.; Prestes, Afonso L.; Azevedo, José M. N.; Neto, Ana I.

Macroalgal canopies are important ecosystem engineers, contributing to coastal productivity and supporting a rich assemblage of associated flora and fauna. However, they are often absent from infrastructures such as coastal defences and there has been a worldwide decline in their distribution in urbanised coastal areas. The macroalga Fucus spiralis is the only high-shore canopy forming species present in the Azores. It is widely distributed in the archipelago but is never found on coastal infrastructures. Here we evaluate factors that may potentially limit its establishment on artificial structures. A number of observational and manipulative experiments were used to test the hypotheses that: (i) limited-dispersal ability limits the colonisation of new plants onto artificial structures, (ii) vertical substratum slope negatively influences the survivorship of recruits, and (iii) vertical substratum slope also negatively influences the survivorship and fitness of adults. Results showed that the limited dispersal from adult plants may be a more important factor than slope in limiting the species ability to colonise coastal infrastructures, since the vertical substratum slope does not affect its fitness or survivorship.

2016Journal article

Restricted access

A first assessment of operator compliance and dolphin behavioural responses during swim-with-dolphin programs for three species of Delphinids in the Azores

Publication . Cecchetti, Arianna; Stockin, K. A.; Gordon, Jonathan; Azevedo, José M. N.

The popularity of swim-with wild dolphin programs around the world is fast growing, with the studies required to investigate their impact lagging behind. In the Azores, species targeted include the short-beaked common (Delphinus delphis), the bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) and the Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis). To evaluate the effects of this activity on local dolphin populations, and thus provide support for management decisions, dolphin response data were collected onboard commercial boats off São Miguel Island between 2013 and 2015. All three species revealed high degree of neutral and avoidance behaviours, and very low approach rates. Tursiops showed higher frequency of neutral responses than Delphinus, while Stenella both avoided and approached more frequently than the other species. When boats intersected the path of dolphin groups, avoidance responses were more likely and the duration of swims was shorter. Swims were also shorter when animals were resting and travelling, and when groups were smaller. The operators generally complied with the legislation, except in respect to the number of swim attempts per dolphin group, which was higher than the legal maximum. Improvement of the current legislation and concurrent reinforcement of controls is essential to avoid detrimental long-term effects of this activity on dolphin populations in the Azores.

2019-11Journal article

Open access

The Azorean edible abalone Haliotis tuberculata, an alternative heavy metal-free marine resource?

Publication . Torres, Paulo; Rodrigues, Armindo; Prestes, Afonso L.; Neto, Ana I.; Álvaro, Nuno V.; Martins, Gustavo M.

Abalones are considered a delicacy and exploited for food worldwide. In many places, overfishing has led to the decimation of wild stocks and many are now reared in aquaculture systems. In the Azores, there is no tradition of eating abalones and Haliotis tuberculata stocks are still virtually untouched. However, as tourism in the islands grows and the stocks of other shellfish diminish, there is an increasing pressure to find alternative edible resources, leading to a rising interest in abalones. According to previous studies performed in the region, other edible species, including the local highly appreciated limpets and the giant barnacle, present high concentration levels of some heavy metals, which has been attributed to the volcanic origin of the islands. Here we analysed the metal content in the edible tissue of Haliotis tuberculata from São Miguel Island, Azores. The potential human health risks due to its consumption was assessed by estimating the average daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) of metals. Similarly to other organisms in the Azores, abalones have higher than normal levels of some heavy metals, particularly cadmium, reflecting a local natural source that should be closely monitored from a public health point of view.

2020-03Journal article

Restricted access