RADIATION OF PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS ON OCEANIC ISLANDS: ANALYSIS OF HOST ASSOCIATED GENETIC DIVERGENCE IN A SPECIOSE GROUP OF ENDEMIC BUGS

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New records and detailed distribution and abundance of selected arthropod species collected between 1999 and 2011 in Azorean native forests

Publication . Borges, Paulo A. V.; Gaspar, Clara; Crespo, Luís C.; Rigal, François; Cardoso, Pedro; Pereira, Fernando; Rego, Carla; Amorim, Isabel; Melo, Catarina; Aguiar, Carlos; André, Genage; Pereira, Enésima; Ribeiro, Sérvio P.; Hortal, Joaquín; Santos, Ana M. C.; Barcelos, Luís Miguel Duarte; Enghoff, H.; Mahnert, Volker; Pita, Margarida T.; Ribes, Jordi; Baz, Arturo; Sousa, António B.; Vieira, Virgilio; Wunderlich, Jörg; Parmakelis, Aristeidis; Whittaker, Robert J.; Quartau, José A.; Serrano, Artur R. M.; Triantis, Kostas A.

BACKGROUND: In this contribution we present detailed distribution and abundance data for arthropod species identified during the BALA – Biodiversity of Arthropods from the Laurisilva of the Azores (1999-2004) and BALA2 projects (2010-2011) from 18 native forest fragments in seven of the nine Azorean islands (all excluding Graciosa and Corvo islands, which have no native forest left). NEW INFORMATION: Of the total 286 species identified, 81% were captured between 1999 and 2000, a period during which only 39% of all the samples were collected. On average, arthropod richness for each island increased by 10% during the time frame of these projects. The classes Arachnida, Chilopoda and Diplopoda represent the most remarkable cases of new island records, with more than 30% of the records being novelties. This study stresses the need to expand the approaches applied in these projects to other habitats in the Azores, and more importantly to other less surveyed taxonomic groups (e.g. Diptera and Hymenoptera). These steps are fundamental for getting a more accurate assessment of biodiversity in the archipelago.

2016Journal article

Open access

The biodiversity of terrestrial arthropods in Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos

Publication . Boieiro, Mário; Aguiar, António F.; Rego, Carla; Borges, Paulo A. V.; Serrano, Artur R. M.

[…]. El número de taxones de artrópodos terrestres citado de los archipiélagos de Madeira y Salvajes es respectivamente 3.801 y 201, entre los que hay un número significativo de endemismos (Borges et al., 2008b) (ver Tabla I; Fig. 5; Lámina II). Madeira, la isla más grande, con una orografía compleja y con el número mayor de diferentes tipos de hábitat, destaca claramente sobre las otras islas de los dos archipiélagos tanto en la riqueza de especies como en el número de taxones endémicos. Sin embargo, también se debe tener en cuenta que la biodiversidad de Madeira se ha estudiado más en detalle, ya que esta isla ha sido el objetivo de varias expediciones de historia natural y muchas visitas de taxónomos expertos de todo el mundo (ver la sección anterior). […].

2015Journal article

Open access

The biodiversity of terrestrial arthropods in Azores

Publication . Rego, Carla; Boieiro, Mário; Vieira, Virgílio; Borges, Paulo A. V.

[…]. El Departamento de Biología de la Universidad de las Azores organizó un total de 15 expediciones científicas en el periodo 1977-2011, que dieron lugar a varias publicaciones incluyendo muchas sobre los Lepidoptera del archipiélago (Carneiro, 1982; Carvalho, 1982, 1984, 1992; Guimarães, 1982; Sousa, 1982, 1985a, b, 1991, 1999; Meyer, 1991a, b; Vieira & Pintureau, 1991, 1993; Henderickx, 1995; Vieira, 1997, 2003, 2009; Carvalho et al., 1999; Tennent & Sousa, 2003; Vieira et al., 2003a; Karsholt & Vieira, 2005; Vieira & Karsholt, 2010). Desde 1975 a 1990, se realizaron estudios autoecológicos centrados en plagas agrícolas y sus parásitos, tales como Mythimna unipuncta Haworth (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) (Tavares, 1979; Vieira, 2000; Silva et al., 2003; Vieira et al., 2003b); Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) (Simões & Martins, 1985) y Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) (Oliveira, 1987). No fue hasta 1990 cuando los estudios sobre la ecología de las comunidades de artrópodos comenzaron a desarrollarse en el archipiélago (por ejemplo Cruz De Boelpaepe, 1991; Braz, 1992; Garcia, 1992; Oliveira & Tavares, 1992; Borges, 1995) (Fig. 6). El archipiélago de las Azores fue objetivo de menos expediciones científicas entomológicas o de entomólogos individuales que Madeira o las Islas Canarias. Sin embargo, recientemente se ha incrementado el interés en su fauna y flora. Esto, junto con el establecimiento de una universidad en las Azores, hace posible la proliferación de un gran conjunto de trabajos entomológicos, lo que se manifiesta en un incremento en el número de publicaciones sobre la biogeografía, ecología, entomología aplicada, bioespeleología y sistemática de los artrópodos de Azores (ver Vieira & Borges, 1993; Borges & Vieira, 1994). […].

2015Journal article

Open access

Comparative phylogeography of endemic Azorean arthropods

Publication . Parmakelis, Aristeidis; Rigal, François; Mourikis, Thanos; Balanika, Katerina; Terzopoulou, Sofia; Rego, Carla; Amorim, Isabel R.; Crespo, Luís C.; Pereira, Fernando E. A.; Triantis, Kostas A.; Whittaker, Robert J.; Borges, Paulo A. V.

BACKGROUND: For a remote oceanic archipelago of up to 8 Myr age, the Azores have a comparatively low level of endemism. We present an analysis of phylogeographic patterns of endemic Azorean island arthropods aimed at testing patterns of diversification in relation to the ontogeny of the archipelago, in order to distinguish between alternative models of evolutionary dynamics on islands. We collected individuals of six species (representing Araneae, Hemiptera and Coleoptera) from 16 forest fragments from 7 islands. Using three mtDNA markers, we analysed the distribution of genetic diversity within and between islands, inferred the differentiation time-frames and investigated the inter-island migration routes and colonization patterns. RESULTS: Each species exhibited very low levels of mtDNA divergence, both within and between islands. The two oldest islands were not strongly involved in the diffusion of genetic diversity within the archipelago. The most haplotype-rich islands varied according to species but the younger, central islands contributed the most to haplotype diversity. Colonization events both in concordance with and in contradiction to an inter-island progression rule were inferred, while a non-intuitive pattern of colonization from western to eastern islands was also inferred. CONCLUSIONS: The geological development of the Azores has followed a less tidy progression compared to classic hotspot archipelagos, and this is reflected in our findings. The study species appear to have been differentiating within the Azores for <2 Myr, a fraction of the apparent life span of the archipelago, which may indicate that extinction events linked to active volcanism have played an important role. Assuming that after each extinction event, colonization was initiated from a nearby island hosting derived haplotypes, the apparent age of species diversification in the archipelago would be moved closer to the present after each extinction-recolonization cycle. Exploiting these ideas, we propose a general model for future testing.

2015-11Journal article

Open access