Browsing by Author "Pato, Carlos N."
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- Association Study of 83 Candidate Genes for Bipolar Disorder in Chromosome 6q Selected Using an Evidence-Based Prioritization AlgorithmPublication . Bigdeli, Bernard; Maher, Brion S.; Zhao, Zhongming; Sun, Jingchun; Medeiros, Helena; Akula, Nirmala; McMahon, Francis J.; Carvalho, Célia; Ferreira, Susana R.; Azevedo, Maria H.; Knowles, James A.; Pato, Michele T.; Pato, Carlos N.; Fanous, Ayman H.Background: Prior genome-scans of bipolar disorder have revealed chromosome 6q22 as a promising candidate region. However, linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping studies have yet to identify replicated susceptibility loci. Methods: We analyzed 1,422 LD-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 83 genes to test single-marker and locus-wide evidence of association with bipolar disorder in the NIMH Genetics Initiative bipolar pedigrees and the Portuguese Island Collection (PIC) (N = 1,093 in 528 informative pairs). Both studies previously demonstrated significant evidence of linkage to 6q. SNPs were genotyped using an Illumina iSelect genotyping array which employs the Infinium assay. Evidence of single-marker association was assessed using the generalized disequilibrium test (GDT). Empirical estimates of gene-wide significance were obtained by permutation (via 100,000 gene-dropping simulations) of Fisher's combined test of P-values for each locus. Results: No single variant yielded significant experiment-wide evidence of association, for either the combined sample or in each subsample. Our gene-dropping simulations identified nominally significant gene-wide associations with multiple loci, of which NT5DC1 in the NIMH subsample and CCNC in the PIC were the strongest candidates. However, no one gene consistently exceeded empirical significance criteria in both independent samples or survived Bonferroni correction for the number of genes tested. Conclusions: Using a gene-based approach to family-based association, we identified gene-wide associations with several genes, though no single locus was significantly associated with bipolar disorder in both cohorts. This suggests that chromosome 6q may harbor multiple susceptibility loci or that complex patterns of LD in this region may confound approaches based on common SNPs.
- Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolardisorderPublication . Purcell, S. M.; Wray, N. R.; Stone, J. L.; Visscher, P. M.; O'Donovan, M. C.; Sullivan, P. F.; Sklar, P.; Leader, S. M.; Ruderfer, D. M.; McQuillin, A.; Morris, D. W.; O'Dushlaine, C. T.; Corvin, A.; Holmans, P. A.; Macgregor, S.; Gurling, H.; Blackwood, D. H.; Craddock, N. J.; Gill, M.; Hultman, C. M.; Kirov, G. K.; Lichtenstein, P.; Muir, W. J.; Owen, M. J.; Pato, Carlos N.; Scolnick, E. M.; St Clair, D.; Williams, N. M.; Georgieva, L.; Nikolov, I.; Norton, N.; Williams, H.; Toncheva, D.; Milanova, V.; Helander, E. F.; Kenny, E.; Quinn, E. M.; Choudhury, K.; Datta, S.; Pimm, J.; Thirumalai, S.; Puri, V.; Krasucki, R.; Lawrence, J.; Quested, D.; Bass, N.; Crombie, C.; Fraser, G.; Leh, K. S.; Walker, N.; Black-wood, D. H.; McGhee, K. A.; Pickard, B.; Malloy, P.; Maclean, A. W.; Van Beck, M.; Pato, Michele T.; Medeiros, Helena; Middleton, Frank A.; Carvalho, Célia; Morley, C.; Fanous, Ayman H.; Conti, D.; Knowles, James A.; Ferreira, Carlos Paz; Macedo, António; Kirby, A. N.; Ferreira, M. A.; Daly, M. J.; Cham-bert, K.; Kuruvilla, F.; Gabriel, S. B.; Ardlie, K.; Moran, J. L.Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with a lifetime risk of about 1%, characterized by hallucinations, delusions and cognitive deficits, with heritability estimated at up to 80%. We performed a genome-wide association study of 3,322 European individuals with schizophrenia and 3,587 controls. Here we show, using two analytic approaches, the extent to which common genetic variation underlies the risk of schizophrenia. First, we implicate the major histocompatibility complex. Second, we provide molecular genetic evidence for a substantial polygenic component to the risk of schizophrenia involving thousands of common alleles of very small effect. We show that this component also contributes to the risk of bipolar disorder, but not to several non-psychiatric diseases.
- Genetic Overlap of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder in a High-Density Linkage Survey inthe Portuguese Island PopulationPublication . Fanous, Ayman H.; Middleton, Frank A.; Gentile, Karen; Amdur, Richard L.; Maher, Brion S.; Zhao, Zhongming; Sun, Jingchun; Medeiros, Helena; Carvalho, Célia; Ferreira, Susana R.; Macedo, António; Knowles, James A.; Azevedo, Maria H.; Pato, Michele T.; Pato, Carlos N.Recent family and genome-wide association studies strongly suggest shared genetic risk factors for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP). However, linkage studies have not been used to test for statistically significant genome-wide overlap between them. Forty-seven Portuguese families with sibpairs concordant for SZ, BP, or psychosis (PSY, which includes either SZ or psychotic BP) were genotyped for over 57,000 markers using the Affymetrix 50K Xba SNP array. NPL and Kong and Cox LOD scores were calculated in Merlin for all three phenotypes. Empirical significance was determined using 1,000 gene-dropping simulations. Significance of genome-wide genetic overlap between SZ and BP was determined by the number of simulated BP scans having the same number of loci jointly linked with the real SZ scan, and vice versa. For all three phenotypes, a number of regions previously linked in this sample remained so. For BP, chromosome 1p36 achieved significance (11.54-15.71 MB, LOD = 3.51), whereas it was not even suggestively linked at lower marker densities, as did chromosome 11q14.1 (89.32-90.15 MB, NPL = 4.15). Four chromosomes had loci at which both SZ and BP had NPL ≥ 1.98, which was more than would be expected by chance (empirical P = 0.01 using simulated SZ scans; 0.07 using simulated BP scans), although they did not necessarily meet criteria for suggestive linkage individually. These results suggest that high-density marker maps may provide greater power and precision in linkage studies than lower density maps. They also further support the hypothesis that SZ and BP share at least some risk alleles.
- Genome-wide scan in Portuguese Island families identifies 5q31-5q35 as a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia and psychosisPublication . Sklar, P.; Pato, Michele T.; Kirby, A. N.; Petryshen, T. L.; Medeiros, Helena; Carvalho, Célia; Macedo, António; Dourado, A.; Coelho, I.; Valente, J.; Soares, M. J.; Ferreira, Carlos Paz; Lei, M.; Verner, A.; Hudson, T. J.; Morley, C. P.; Kennedy, J. L.; Azevedo, Maria H.; Lander, E.; Daly, M. J.; Pato, Carlos N.Schizophrenia is a common psychiatric disorder with a complex genetic etiology. To understand the genetic basis of this syndrome in Portuguese Island populations, we performed a genome-wide scan of 29 families with schizophrenia, which identified a single region on 5q31-5q35 with strong linkage (NPL=3.09, P=0.0012 at D5S820). Empirical simulations set a genome-wide threshold of NPL=3.10 for significant linkage. Additional support for this locus in schizophrenia comes from higher-density mapping and mapping of 11 additional families. The combined set of 40 families had a peak NPL=3.28 (P=0.00066) at markers D5S2112-D5S820. These data and previous linkage findings from other investigators provide strong and consistent evidence for this genomic region as a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia. Exploratory analyses of a novel phenotype, psychosis, in families with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder detected evidence for linkage to the same markers as found in schizophrenia (peak NPL=3.03, P=0.0012 at D5S820), suggesting that this locus may be responsible for the psychotic symptoms observed in both diseases.
- Genome-wide scan in Portuguese Island families implicates multiple loci in bipolar disorder : fine mapping adds support on chromosomes 6 and 11Publication . Pato, Carlos N.; Pato, Michele T.; Kirby, A. N.; Petryshen, T. L.; Medeiros, Helena; Carvalho, Célia; Macedo, António; Dourado, A.; Coelho, I.; Valente, J.; Soares, M. J.; Ferreira, Carlos Paz; Lei, M.; Verner, A.; Hudson, T. J.; Morley, C. P.; Kennedy, J. L; Azevedo, Maria H.; Daly, M. J.; Sklar, P.As part of an extensive study in the Portuguese Island population of families with multiple patients suffering from bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, we performed an initial genome-wide scan of 16 extended families with bipolar disorder that identified three regions on chromosomes 2, 11, and 19 with genome-wide suggestive linkage and several other regions, including chromosome 6q, also approached suggestive levels of significance. Dick et al. [2003: Am J Hum Genet 73:107-114] recently reported in a study of 250 families with bipolar disorder a maxLOD score of 3.61 near marker D6S1021 on chromosome 6q. This study replicates this finding having detected a peak NPL = 2.02 (P = 0.025) with the same marker D6S1021(104.7 Mb). Higher-density mapping provided additional support for loci on chromosome 6 including marker D6S1021 with an NPL = 2.59 (P = 0.0068) and peaking at marker D6S1639 (125 Mb) with an NPL = 3.06 (P = 0.0019). A similar pattern was detected with higher-density mapping of chromosome 11 with an NPL = 3.15 (P = 0.0014) at marker D11S1883 (63.1 Mb). Simulations at the density of our fine mapping data indicate that less than 1 scan out of 10 would find two such scores genome-wide in the same scan by chance. Our findings provide additional support for a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder on 6q, as well as, suggesting the importance of denser scans.
- Genomewide Linkage Analysis of Bipolar Disorder by Use of a High Density Single-Nucleotide–Polymorphism (SNP) Genotyping Assay : A Comparison with Microsatellite Marker Assays and Finding of Significant linkage to Chromosome 6q22Publication . Middleton, Frank A.; Pato, Michele T.; Gentile, Karen; Morley, C. P.; Zhao, X.; Eisener, A. F.; Brown, A.; Petryshen, T. L.; Kirby, A. N.; Medeiros, Helena; Carvalho, Célia; Macedo, António; Dourado, A.; Coelho, I.; Valente, J.; Soares, M. J.; Ferreira, Carlos Paz; Lei, M.; Azevedo, Maria H.; Kennedy, J. L.; Daly, M. J.; Sklar, P.; Pato, Carlos N.We performed a linkage analysis on 25 extended multiplex Portuguese families segregating for bipolar disorder, by use of a high-density single-nucleotide-polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assay, the GeneChip Human Mapping 10K Array (HMA10K). Of these families, 12 were used for a direct comparison of the HMA10K with the traditional 10-cM microsatellite marker set and the more dense 4-cM marker set. This comparative analysis indicated the presence of significant linkage peaks in the SNP assay in chromosomal regions characterized by poor coverage and low information content on the microsatellite assays. The HMA10K provided consistently high information and enhanced coverage throughout these regions. Across the entire genome, the HMA10K had an average information content of 0.842 with 0.21-Mb intermarker spacing. In the 12-family set, the HMA10K-based analysis detected two chromosomal regions with genomewide significant linkage on chromosomes 6q22 and 11p11; both regions had failed to meet this strict threshold with the microsatellite assays. The full 25-family collection further strengthened the findings on chromosome 6q22, achieving genomewide significance with a maximum nonparametric linkage (NPL) score of 4.20 and a maximum LOD score of 3.56 at position 125.8 Mb. In addition to this highly significant finding, several other regions of suggestive linkage have also been identified in the 25-family data set, including two regions on chromosome 2 (57 Mb, NPL = 2.98; 145 Mb, NPL = 3.09), as well as regions on chromosomes 4 (91 Mb, NPL = 2.97), 16 (20 Mb, NPL = 2.89), and 20 (60 Mb, NPL = 2.99). We conclude that at least some of the linkage peaks we have identified may have been largely undetected in previous whole-genome scans for bipolar disorder because of insufficient coverage or information content, particularly on chromosomes 6q22 and 11p11.
- Intervenções psicoeducativas dirigidas a familiares de indivíduos com transtorno bipolarPublication . Cabral, Joana Moura; Carvalho, Célia; Castilho, Paula; Pato, Carlos N.Os familiares/cuidadores informais (CI) de indivíduos com transtornos mentais graves, como é o caso do Transtorno Bipolar (TB), estão sujeitos a um conjunto de dificuldades. Deste modo, é internacionalmente reconhecia a necessidade de se consolidar o apoio prestado a este tipo de CI. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as características de intervenções destinadas a CI de indivíduos com TB, a partir de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Os artigos analisados destacam que estas intervenções se revelam eficazes na redução da sobrecarga do CI e na melhoria da sua capacidade de cuidar, o que, por sua vez, se traduz na redução de recaídas do indivíduo com TB.
- Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications increase risk of schizophreniaPublication . Craddock, N. J.; Gill, M.; Hultman, C. M.; Lichtenstein, P.; McQuillin, A.; Pato, Carlos N.; Ruderfer, D. M.; Owen, M. J.; St Clair, David; Sullivan, P. F.; Sklar, P.; Purcell, S. M.; Stone, J. L; Korn, Joshua; Macgregor, S.; Morris, D. W.; O'Dushlaine, C. T.; Daly, M. J.; Visscher, P. M.; Holmans, P. A.; Scolnick, E: M.; Williams, N. M.; Georgieva, L.; Nikolov, I.; Norton, N.; Williams, H.; Toncheva, D.; Milanova, V.; Thelander, Emma F.; Sullivan, P. F.; Kenny, E.; Waddington, John L.; Choudhury, K.; Datta, S.; Pimm, J.; Thirumalai, S.; Puri, V.; Krasucki, R.; Lawrence, J.; Quested, D.; Bass, N.; Curtis, David; Gurling, H.; Crombie, C.; Fraser, G.; Kwan, Soh Leh; Walker, N.; Muir, W. J.; McGhee, K. A.; Pickard, B.; Malloy, P.; Maclean, A. W.; Van Beck, Margaret; Visscher, P. M.; Pato, Michele T.; Medeiros, Helena; Middleton, Frank A.; Carvalho, Célia; Morley, C.; Fanous, Ayman H.; Conti, D.; Knowles, James A.; Ferreira, Carlos Paz; Macedo, António; Azevedo, Maria H.; McCarroll, Steve A.; Daly, M. J.; Chambert, Kimberly; Gates, CaseySchizophrenia is a severe mental disorder marked by hallucinations, delusions, cognitive deficits and apathy, with a heritability estimated at 73–90% (ref. 1). Inheritance patterns are complex, and the number and type of genetic variants involved are not understood. Copy number variants (CNVs) have been identified in individual patients with schizophrenia and also in neurodevelopmental disorders, but large-scale genome-wide surveys have not been performed. Here we report a genome-wide survey of rare CNVs in 3,391 patients with schizophrenia and 3,181 ancestrally matched controls, using high-density microarrays. For CNVs that were observed in less than 1% of the sample and were more than 100 kilobases in length, the total burden is increased 1.15-fold in patients with schizophrenia in comparison with controls. This effect was more pronounced for rarer, single-occurrence CNVs and for those that involved genes as opposed to those that did not. As expected, deletions were found within the region critical for velo-cardio-facial syndrome, which includes psychotic symptoms in 30% of patients (12). Associations with schizophrenia were also found for large deletions on chromosome 15q13.3 and 1q21.1. These associations have not previously been reported, and they remained significant after genome-wide correction. Our results provide strong support for a model of schizophrenia pathogenesis that includes the effects of multiple rare structural variants, both genome-wide and at specific loci.