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Contribuição para um manual de boas práticas de maneio da ordenha para a produção de leite de elevada qualidade nos Açores : estudo de alguns pontos críticos de controlo
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Abstract(s)
O objetivo deste estudo consistiu essencialmente na avaliação da higiene da ordenha, em vinte explorações leiteiras da Ilha Terceira, Açores, através do estudo de alguns pontos críticos de controlo, com vista a contribuir para elaboração de um Manual de Boas Práticas de Maneio de Ordenha, um pré-requisito essencial ao desenvolvimento de um futuro plano HACCP destinado à produção de leite de elevada qualidade nas explorações leiteiras açorianas. Esta avaliação da higiene e qualidade da ordenha foi realizada fazendo recurso a três testes quantitativos sobre a higiene dos úberes, ao grau de hiperqueratose da ponta do teto e à higiene da extremidade do teto; e a um inquérito aos ordenhadores acerca dos vários procedimentos envolvidos na rotina de ordenha, efetuado em 20 explorações da Ilha Terceira, num total de 258 vacas avaliadas, sendo 159 pertencentes a explorações com ordenhas fixas e 99 a explorações com ordenhas móveis. Através de uma análise SWOT (Strenghts, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats), fez-se ainda uma síntese dos pontos fortes e os pontos fracos encontrados na higiene da ordenha destas explorações. Concluímos que a maioria das explorações estudadas não praticava uma boa preparação dos úberes antes da ordenha, resultando em falhas de higiene consideráveis, embora nem sempre se verificasse uma relação direta entre os úberes sujos e falhas de higiene do teto. Esta conclusão contraria alguns estudos, nomeadamente os realizados por Schreiner & Ruegg (2003). Detetaram-se elevados graus de hiperqueratose da ponta do teto na maioria das vacas estudadas, indicando falha no funcionamento da máquina de ordenha. Foram feitas comparações entre explorações com sala de ordenha móvel e sala de ordenha fixa, concluindo-se que as explorações com salas de ordenha móvel praticavam uma melhor pré-preparação dos úberes. Foram ainda estabelecidas correlações entre os testes efetuados e as Contagens de Células Somáticas e de Mesófilos Totais não se verificando, ao contrário do esperado, haver qualquer correlação estatisticamente significativa entre estes parâmetros, o que se poderá explicar pelo facto de haver muitas outras variáveis envolvidas. Conclui-se ainda que os testes quantitativos utilizados neste estudo poderão constituir ferramentas importantes no Controlo de Pontos Críticos, no contexto de um plano HACCP ao nível da produção de leite, e que a análise SWOT constitui uma metodologia com interesse na sumarização das fraquezas e pontos fortes contribuindo com a sistematização de informação necessária à elaboração de um Manual de Boas Práticas de Maneio de Ordenha.
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was primarily to assess the hygiene of the milking process in twenty dairy farms of Terceira, Azores, through the study of some critical control points, with an aim to contribute for elaboration of a Manual of Best Practices During Milking Time, an essential prerequisite to the development of a future HACCP plan for the production of high quality milk in Azorean dairy farms. This assessment of quality and hygiene of the milking process was done by making use of three quantitative tests on, udder hygiene, degree of teat end hyperkeratosis and hygiene of the teat itself, and a survey of milkers on the various procedures involved in the milking routine. The study was carried out in 20 farms in Terceira Island, in a total of 258 cows evaluated - 159 belonging to farms milking with milking parlors and 99 with mobile units. Through a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats) a summary of the strengths and weaknesses found in these farms during milking time was also done. We conclude that most of the farms studied had faults on the preparation routine of the udders before milking, resulting in considerable hygiene failures though not always a direct link between dirty udders and hygiene failure of the teat end was verified, this is in contrast to some studies, particularly those carried out by Schreiner & Ruegg (2003). A high degree of hyperkeratosis of the teat end was found in most of the cows studied, indicating a malfunction of the milking machine. Comparisons were made between farms with a milking parlor and farms with mobile milking units and it was concluded that this last ones practiced a better pre-preparation of udders. A statistically significant correlation between the hygiene tests and the Somatic Cell and Total Mesophiles Counts was not found, contrary to expectations, which can be explained by the fact that there are many other variables involved. It is also concluded that the quantitative tests used in this study may constitute important tools to be used on the verification of some Critical Control Points, in the context of a HACCP plan at the dairy farm, and the SWOT analysis is a interesting methodology to be used summarizing weaknesses and strong points contributing to the systematization of information needed to prepare a Manual of Good Production Practices during milking time.
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was primarily to assess the hygiene of the milking process in twenty dairy farms of Terceira, Azores, through the study of some critical control points, with an aim to contribute for elaboration of a Manual of Best Practices During Milking Time, an essential prerequisite to the development of a future HACCP plan for the production of high quality milk in Azorean dairy farms. This assessment of quality and hygiene of the milking process was done by making use of three quantitative tests on, udder hygiene, degree of teat end hyperkeratosis and hygiene of the teat itself, and a survey of milkers on the various procedures involved in the milking routine. The study was carried out in 20 farms in Terceira Island, in a total of 258 cows evaluated - 159 belonging to farms milking with milking parlors and 99 with mobile units. Through a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats) a summary of the strengths and weaknesses found in these farms during milking time was also done. We conclude that most of the farms studied had faults on the preparation routine of the udders before milking, resulting in considerable hygiene failures though not always a direct link between dirty udders and hygiene failure of the teat end was verified, this is in contrast to some studies, particularly those carried out by Schreiner & Ruegg (2003). A high degree of hyperkeratosis of the teat end was found in most of the cows studied, indicating a malfunction of the milking machine. Comparisons were made between farms with a milking parlor and farms with mobile milking units and it was concluded that this last ones practiced a better pre-preparation of udders. A statistically significant correlation between the hygiene tests and the Somatic Cell and Total Mesophiles Counts was not found, contrary to expectations, which can be explained by the fact that there are many other variables involved. It is also concluded that the quantitative tests used in this study may constitute important tools to be used on the verification of some Critical Control Points, in the context of a HACCP plan at the dairy farm, and the SWOT analysis is a interesting methodology to be used summarizing weaknesses and strong points contributing to the systematization of information needed to prepare a Manual of Good Production Practices during milking time.
Description
Dissertação de Mestrado em Tecnologia e Segurança Alimentar.
Keywords
Higiene da Ordenha Ordenha Produção de Leite Açores Milk Milking Hygiene HACCP SWOT Azores
Citation
Silva, José Luís Valente – “Contribuição para um manual de boas práticas de maneio da ordenha para a produção de leite de elevada qualidade nos Açores : estudo de alguns pontos críticos de controlo”. Angra do Heroísmo : Universidade dos Açores. 2012. X, 75, 15 f.. Dissertação de Mestrado.