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A Segurança e Defesa na Europa : o Exército Europeu um futuro (in)certo
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Abstract(s)
Desde a primeira hora que se arquitetou a construção de uma Europa única até ao presente, muitos foram os esforços desenvolvidos tendo em vista determinados objetivos concretos, com maiores ou menores coincidências ideológicas ou dificuldades na conciliação de interesses dos vários membros da nova Comunidade.
A União Europeia (UE) ao longo dos diversos tratados foi evoluindo em várias vertentes e aspetos, onde o crescente alargamento, aliado à instabilidade sentida no Leste Europeu, deu origem ao desenvolvimento do pilar da Segurança e Defesa da União Europeia.
Esta área da UE conduziu à criação de uma Política Europeia de Segurança Comum (PESC), que após o Tratado de Lisboa, se passou a designar de Política Comum de Segurança e Defesa (PCSD).
O desenvolvimento sucessivo destas políticas tem tido consequências várias no plano interno dos Estados-Membros (EM), dentro dos quais as políticas externas e de segurança e defesa assumem um destaque digno de realce.
A UE, por outro lado, parece vir a assumir um papel que se apresenta cada vez mais importante no cenário internacional e consequentemente no equilíbrio político mundial. Por esse motivo, vários são os ecos que referem ser necessário o desenvolvimento de um braço militar da UE, que possibilite dar resposta efetiva às exigências que vão surgindo nessa matéria sem estar dependente de terceiros e consequentemente ter maior autonomia estratégica.
Desde 2016 que se registam progressos significativos no domínio da segurança e da defesa da UE, com várias iniciativas concretas para promover a cooperação e reforçar a capacidade de defesa da Europa, e têm surgido algumas vozes que defendem a criação de um Exército Europeu, em especial a do Presidente francês Emmanuel Macron e da Chanceler Angela Merkel.
O eixo franco-alemão tem unido forças na defesa de um Exército Europeu que tornaria a UE menos dependente da North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) e, por consequência, dos Estados Unidos da América (EUA). A ideia não é nova, foi defendida ideia semelhante na década de 1950, contudo sem grande sucesso.
Por um lado, evitar a duplicação com a aliança atlântica acaba por ser o principal argumento dos que rejeitam a ideia de uma força militar europeia, e por outro lado os dois impulsionadores da ideia da criação de um Exército Europeu alegam que nunca seria um exército rival da ação da NATO, mas sim um complemento.
A UE para assumir um papel que se apresente mais importante no cenário internacional e consequentemente no equilíbrio político a nível mundial, necessita de se afirmar na nova ordem que se vai desenhando na era pós-COVID-19.
As tendências que já eram visíveis antes da pandemia intensificaram-se e ganharam um novo rumo. Como potência em rápida ascensão, a China parece-nos estar mais assertiva, enquanto os EUA, que se mantiveram como superpotência desde o encontro em Potsdam, estão cada vez mais voltados para dentro, num momento em que o vírus massacra a sua população e a sua economia.
Face ao exposto é de todo interessante apurar se a criação de um Exército Europeu, como defende o Presidente francês Emmanuel Macron e a Chanceler Angela Merkel, é ou não determinante para a segurança e defesa da UE, ou se uma cooperação reforçada entre os Estados-Membros da UE, na execução de missões humanitárias e de manutenção da paz a par das missões da NATO, é suficiente.
Relativamente ao Exército Europeu, nem todos os Estados-Membros estão de acordo, por isso, ficámos sem saber com a clareza necessária qual o rumo a seguir nesse particular.
Interessa igualmente perceber quais as ações da UE para reforçar a cooperação em matéria de defesa caso não se crie o dito Exército Europeu e se o Brexit colocou em causa a CEP, a integração militar europeia, e nessa medida se é o motivo potenciador da criação ou não de um Exército Europeu.
Face a esse cenário agora resumido, parece-nos interessante e pertinente indagar sobre essa controvérsia que impera no seio da Europa.
ABSTRACT: From the first moment that the construction of a single Europe was planned up to the present, many efforts have been made towards certain concrete objectives, with greater or lesser ideological coincidences or difficulties in reconciling the interests of the various members of the new Community. The European Union (EU) over the course of the various treaties has evolved in various aspects and aspects, where the growing enlargement, combined with the instability felt in Eastern Europe, gave rise to the development of the Security and Defence pillar of the European Union. This area of the EU led to the creation of a Common European Security Policy (CFSP), which after the Treaty of Lisbon was renamed the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The successive development of these policies has had several consequences at the internal level of the Member States (MS), within which the foreign and security and defence policies are highlighted. The EU, on the other hand, seems to assume an increasingly important role on the international stage and consequently in the global political balance. For this reason, there are several echoes that refer to the need for the development of a military arm of the EU, which makes it possible to effectively respond to the demands that arise in this area without being dependent on third parties and, consequently, having greater strategic autonomy. Since 2016, significant progress has been made in the field of EU security and defence, with several concrete initiatives to promote cooperation and strengthen Europe's defence capacity, and some voices advocating the creation of a European Army, in particular, have emerged. That of French President Emmanuel Macron and Chancellor Angela Merkel. The Franco-German axis has joined forces in defence of a European Army that would make the EU less dependent on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and, consequently, on the United States of America (USA). The idea is not new; a similar idea was advocated in the 1950s, but without great success. On the one hand, avoiding duplication with the Atlantic alliance turns out to be the main argument of those who reject the idea of a European military force, and on the other hand, the two promoters of the idea of creating a European Army claim that it would never be a rival army NATO action, but rather a complement. In order for the EU to assume a more important role on the international stage and consequently in the political balance at a global level, it needs to assert itself in the new order that is taking shape in the post-COVID-19 era. The trends that were already visible before the pandemic have intensified and taken on a new direction. As a fast-rising power, China seems to us to be more assertive, while the US, which has remained a superpower since the meeting in Potsdam, is increasingly looking inward, at a time when the virus slaughters its population and its economy. In light of the above, it is entirely interesting to ascertain whether the creation of a European Army, as defended by French President Emmanuel Macron and Chancellor Angela Merkel, is or is not decisive for the security and defence of the EU, or whether an enhanced cooperation between the States. EU members, in carrying out humanitarian and peacekeeping missions alongside NATO missions, is sufficient. With regard to the European Army, not all Member States are in agreement, so we were left without knowing with the necessary clarity which way to go in this regard. It is also interesting to understand what the EU's actions are to strengthen cooperation in defence matters if the said European Army is not created and if Brexit has challenged the CEP, the European military integration, and to that extent if it is the driving force behind the creation or not a European Army. In view of this scenario summarized above, it seems interesting and pertinent to ask about this controversy that prevails in the heart of Europe.
ABSTRACT: From the first moment that the construction of a single Europe was planned up to the present, many efforts have been made towards certain concrete objectives, with greater or lesser ideological coincidences or difficulties in reconciling the interests of the various members of the new Community. The European Union (EU) over the course of the various treaties has evolved in various aspects and aspects, where the growing enlargement, combined with the instability felt in Eastern Europe, gave rise to the development of the Security and Defence pillar of the European Union. This area of the EU led to the creation of a Common European Security Policy (CFSP), which after the Treaty of Lisbon was renamed the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The successive development of these policies has had several consequences at the internal level of the Member States (MS), within which the foreign and security and defence policies are highlighted. The EU, on the other hand, seems to assume an increasingly important role on the international stage and consequently in the global political balance. For this reason, there are several echoes that refer to the need for the development of a military arm of the EU, which makes it possible to effectively respond to the demands that arise in this area without being dependent on third parties and, consequently, having greater strategic autonomy. Since 2016, significant progress has been made in the field of EU security and defence, with several concrete initiatives to promote cooperation and strengthen Europe's defence capacity, and some voices advocating the creation of a European Army, in particular, have emerged. That of French President Emmanuel Macron and Chancellor Angela Merkel. The Franco-German axis has joined forces in defence of a European Army that would make the EU less dependent on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and, consequently, on the United States of America (USA). The idea is not new; a similar idea was advocated in the 1950s, but without great success. On the one hand, avoiding duplication with the Atlantic alliance turns out to be the main argument of those who reject the idea of a European military force, and on the other hand, the two promoters of the idea of creating a European Army claim that it would never be a rival army NATO action, but rather a complement. In order for the EU to assume a more important role on the international stage and consequently in the political balance at a global level, it needs to assert itself in the new order that is taking shape in the post-COVID-19 era. The trends that were already visible before the pandemic have intensified and taken on a new direction. As a fast-rising power, China seems to us to be more assertive, while the US, which has remained a superpower since the meeting in Potsdam, is increasingly looking inward, at a time when the virus slaughters its population and its economy. In light of the above, it is entirely interesting to ascertain whether the creation of a European Army, as defended by French President Emmanuel Macron and Chancellor Angela Merkel, is or is not decisive for the security and defence of the EU, or whether an enhanced cooperation between the States. EU members, in carrying out humanitarian and peacekeeping missions alongside NATO missions, is sufficient. With regard to the European Army, not all Member States are in agreement, so we were left without knowing with the necessary clarity which way to go in this regard. It is also interesting to understand what the EU's actions are to strengthen cooperation in defence matters if the said European Army is not created and if Brexit has challenged the CEP, the European military integration, and to that extent if it is the driving force behind the creation or not a European Army. In view of this scenario summarized above, it seems interesting and pertinent to ask about this controversy that prevails in the heart of Europe.
Description
Dissertação de Mestrado em Relações Internacionais (O Espaço Euro-Atlântico), 14 de junho de 2022, Universidade dos Açores.
Keywords
Exército Europeu OTAN Política Europeia de Segurança Relações Internacionais Segurança Europeia União Europeia European Army NATO European Union
Pedagogical Context
Citation
Pimentel, Rui Alexandre Melo (2022). "A Segurança e Defesa na Europa: o Exército Europeu um futuro (in)certo", 97 p.. Mestrado em Relações Internacionais (O Espaço Euro-Atlântico). Ponta Delgada: Universidade dos Açores. [Consult. Dia Mês Ano]. Disponível em www:<http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/6375>