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- Bridging worlds: exploring synergies between the arts and biodiversity conservationPublication . Jaric, Ivan; Januchowski-Hartley, Stephanie; Mammola, Stefano; Malumbres-Olarte, Jagoba; Lux, Christina; Crowley, Sarah; Albert, Béatric; Correia, Ricardo; Giannoulatou, Ioanna; Jeschke, Jonathan; Ladle, Richard; Markes, Sarah; Mutiny, Jane; Pillai, Athulya; Sbragaglia, Valerio; Veríssimo, Diogo; Roll, UriABSTRACT: Collaborations between biodiversity conservation and the arts can lead to synergies and fresh approaches to intractable problems. These collaborations can yield diverse mutual benefits, such as offering reciprocal sources of inspiration, information, and learning; providing one another with new tools and resources for synthesis and innovation; securing funding; and contributing to increased visibility and influence. The arts may be uniquely poised to raise awareness, influence behavioral change, improve well-being, and assist with developing conservation tools and materials. Likewise, conservation can provide artists with relevant expertise, nature-based art material, samples, and resources, as well as inform sustainability aspects of the arts. Effective synergies between the arts and conservation will necessitate greater funding and institutional support, improved willingness to collaborate, better recognition of the benefits of artists’ involvement in interdisciplinary conservation teams, and sound empirical methods to gauge such collaborations.
- Global synthesis of apple pollination research highlights general pollen limitation and positive contributions of wild bees compared to honeybeesPublication . Eeraerts, Maxime; Osterman, Julia; Batáry, Péter; Klein, Alexandra-Maria; Albrecht, Matthias; Andersson, Georg; Báldi, András; Bernauer, Olivia; Blechschmidt, Leah; Blitzer, Eleanor; Borges, P.A.V.; Bosch, Jordi; Burns, Katherine; Campbell, Alistair; Castro, Silvia; Cook, James; Daelemans, Robin; Danforth, Bryan; Groot, Arjen; Dorji, Kinley; Foldesi, Rita; Day, Hannah; García, Daniel; Garibaldi, Lucas; Garrat, Michael; Gonzalez, Andrew; Grab, Heather; Gratton, Claudio; Halvorsen, Maren; Hamback, Peter; Hatteland, Bjørn; Honnay, Olivier; Hulsmans, Eva; Vestheim, Sandra; Kleijin, David; Kovács-Hostyánszki, Anikó; Lechowicz, Martin; Leclercq, Nicolas; Liu, Yunhui; Loureiro, João; Mallinger, Rachel; Marshall, Leon; Meeus, Ivan; Miñarro, Marcos; Jodar, Diego; Pardo, Adara; Park, Mia; Paxton, Robert; Pérez-Méndez, Néstor; Picante de Carvalho, Rafael; Pirttilehto, Paavo; Pisman, Matti; Potts, Simon; Raine, Nigel; Reilly, James; Roquer-Beni, Laura; Samnegård, Ulrika; Stanley, Dara; Sutter, Louis; Teixeira-Martins, Kyle; Tierney, Simon; Veldtman, Ruan; Vereecken, Nicolas; Wäckers, Felix; Weekers, Timothy; Wilson, Julianna; Wu, Panlong; Verheyen, Kris; Baronio, GudryanABSTRACT: Apple is one of the most important pollinator-dependent fruit crops worldwide. To secure high-quality yields, it is crucial to know which, and to what extent, pollinating insects contribute to its pollination success as measured by fruit set, fruit weight and seed set. We perform a meta-analysis of field studies conducted across multiple orchards on insect-mediated pollination in apple cultivation, using raw data from 29 studies, totalling 532 orchard replicates. We assessed the extent of pollen limitation on different pollination outcomes and assessed the contribution of honeybees, wild bees and bee species richness to apple pollination. Across all studies, we detected strong evidence of pollen limitation for fruit set and seed set, but not for fruit weight. Honeybees were the most abundant flower visitors (average relative visitation of 71.9%) compared to wild bees; but when correcting for their pollination efficiency, the relative pollination contribution of honeybees was lower compared to their relative visitation (vice versa for solitary bees). We conclude that honeybee visitation rate did not influence fruit or seed set; yet increasing honeybee visitation had a small, negative effect on fruit weight. Fruit set was not influenced by wild bee visitation rate, whereas wild bee visitation had a small, but clear positive effect on fruit weight and seed set. Bee species richness had a small, positive effect on seed set; whereas it did not affect fruit set and fruit weight. Syntheses and applications. Our study highlights that pollen limitation is common in this global crop. While managed honeybees are dominant pollinators, a diverse community of wild bees contributes significantly to apple pollination and high-quality yield. The positive effect of wild bees and species richness on fruit weight and seed set demonstrates that wild bee pollination results in better-quality fruit production (increased weight & seed set). Therefore, our synthesis highlights the importance of conserving pollinator diversity to maintain pollination services. The absence of a clear effect of honeybee visitation rate on fruit and seed set, coupled with its negative impact on fruit weight, suggests a need for further optimisation of honeybee management to improve the cost-efficiency of pollination management.
- Restoring functional farmland biodiversity for biological pest controlPublication . Wyckhuys, Kris; Bushley, Kathryn; Gratton, Claudio; Gurr, Geoff; Pozsgai, Gabor; Tscharntke, Teja; Wanger, Thomas; Lu, Yanhui; Elkahky, MagedABSTRACT: Roughly 40% of global agri-food production is lost to pests during an era when productivity gains are essential to humanity. Restoring farmland biodiversity for conservation biological control offers potential to secure win-win outcomes for yield and the environment. However, achieving this is hindered by gaps in our understanding of agrobiodiversity, including a lack of data on the occurrence, identity, and interactions of farm-dwelling (plant, animal, microbial) biota. Limited interdisciplinary collaboration and weak policy frameworks exacerbate these issues. Comprehensive data capture using standardized metrics, universal protocols, farmer–scientist cooperation, and next-generation tools could consolidate the evidence base on which to reform farming practice. This will involve ecologists stepping outside their comfort zones to promote behavioral change and make ecological intensification a reality.
- The Ripple Effects of Climate Change on Tibetan Alpine ArthropodsPublication . Oyarzabal da Silva, Guilherme; Borges, P.A.V.
- Species and trait abundance distributions as tools for understanding disturbance effects and community assembly in applied ecologyPublication . Ulrich, Werner; Borges, P.A.V.; Fattorini, Simone; ter Steege, Hans; Gotelli, Nicholas; Magurran, Anne; Marquet, Pablo; Schrader, Julian; Matthews, Thomas; Gutierrez, JesusABSTRACT: Species abundance distributions (SADs) depict the order of species based on their ranked abundances. While they have been central to much theoretical work in community ecology, their practical value in applied ecology is still debated. Supported by a meta-analysis of 1153 publications on SADs, we review the state of the art in the practical use of SADs and provide a conceptual framework for the study of SADs in an applied context. Of the studies sourced through the meta-analysis, only 5% had a truly applied focus; 93% of these studies dealt with the influence of agricultural practices, forest management, pollution or other forms of disturbance on the shape of the SAD. We found little support for previous claims that disturbance shifts species abundance distributions from a lognormal to a steep logseries form. Some species-rich communities, such as tropical forests, are well fit by a logseries even in the absence of disturbance, and steep, uneven SADs may be more representative of dispersal-limited communities under neutral dynamics. Policy implications. Further insight into the links between disturbance and species abundance may come from the recognition that the species abundance distribution (SAD) is a special case of a broader concept, the trait abundance distribution (TAD), which can provide indirect information on resource utilisation and niche partitioning. An analysis of the changes in SADs and TADs, together with environmental data, should allow for a better understanding of the assembly and functioning of ecological communities in both applied and basic ecology.
- Volcanic environments and thyroid disruption – A review focused on As, Hg, and CoPublication . Coelho, Nádia; Bernardo, Filipe; dos Santos Rodrigues, Armindo; Garcia, Patrícia; Wei, OuyangABSTRACT: The purpose of this review is to explore the link between volcanic environments and thyroid disruption, with focus on the role played by As, Hg, and Co. Volcanoes are the most well-known source of natural pollution, enriching the environment in hazardous elements. It is estimated that about 10 % of world population lives near active volcanoes (Brown et al., 2015). There is evidence supporting a link between living in volcanic environments and thyroid cancer, but it is likely that other types of thyroid disruption are also exacerbated in the populations inhabiting volcanic areas. Arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) are elements with toxic properties that are present in volcanic environments. Cobalt (Co), which is also present in these environments, is part of the essential cobalamin vitamin (B12). However, exposure to non-cobalamin Co can pose health risks. The effects of these three elements on the thyroid are understudied. A review of 125 publications retrieved from the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases, covering year 1955 to present, was performed. The known molecular mechanisms underlying thyroid disruption by these elements are discussed. It was found that thyroid cancer incidence, but also that of hypothyroidism are heightened in populations living in volcanic environments, particularly in Iceland, Hawaii, and Italy. Knowledge gaps regarding (i) thyroid disruption in areas with non-eruptive active volcanism, (ii) the toxic effects of As, Hg, and Co on the thyroid, and (iii) the incidence of hypothyroidism and other thyroid pathologies in volcanic environments are highlighted. The need to monitor the population of volcanic areas in terms of health is accentuated.