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- Bridging worlds: exploring synergies between the arts and biodiversity conservationPublication . Jaric, Ivan; Januchowski-Hartley, Stephanie; Mammola, Stefano; Malumbres-Olarte, Jagoba; Lux, Christina; Crowley, Sarah; Albert, Béatric; Correia, Ricardo; Giannoulatou, Ioanna; Jeschke, Jonathan; Ladle, Richard; Markes, Sarah; Mutiny, Jane; Pillai, Athulya; Sbragaglia, Valerio; Veríssimo, Diogo; Roll, UriABSTRACT: Collaborations between biodiversity conservation and the arts can lead to synergies and fresh approaches to intractable problems. These collaborations can yield diverse mutual benefits, such as offering reciprocal sources of inspiration, information, and learning; providing one another with new tools and resources for synthesis and innovation; securing funding; and contributing to increased visibility and influence. The arts may be uniquely poised to raise awareness, influence behavioral change, improve well-being, and assist with developing conservation tools and materials. Likewise, conservation can provide artists with relevant expertise, nature-based art material, samples, and resources, as well as inform sustainability aspects of the arts. Effective synergies between the arts and conservation will necessitate greater funding and institutional support, improved willingness to collaborate, better recognition of the benefits of artists’ involvement in interdisciplinary conservation teams, and sound empirical methods to gauge such collaborations.
- Global synthesis of apple pollination research highlights general pollen limitation and positive contributions of wild bees compared to honeybeesPublication . Eeraerts, Maxime; Osterman, Julia; Batáry, Péter; Klein, Alexandra-Maria; Albrecht, Matthias; Andersson, Georg; Báldi, András; Bernauer, Olivia; Blechschmidt, Leah; Blitzer, Eleanor; Borges, P.A.V.; Bosch, Jordi; Burns, Katherine; Campbell, Alistair; Castro, Silvia; Cook, James; Daelemans, Robin; Danforth, Bryan; Groot, Arjen; Dorji, Kinley; Foldesi, Rita; Day, Hannah; García, Daniel; Garibaldi, Lucas; Garrat, Michael; Gonzalez, Andrew; Grab, Heather; Gratton, Claudio; Halvorsen, Maren; Hamback, Peter; Hatteland, Bjørn; Honnay, Olivier; Hulsmans, Eva; Vestheim, Sandra; Kleijin, David; Kovács-Hostyánszki, Anikó; Lechowicz, Martin; Leclercq, Nicolas; Liu, Yunhui; Loureiro, João; Mallinger, Rachel; Marshall, Leon; Meeus, Ivan; Miñarro, Marcos; Jodar, Diego; Pardo, Adara; Park, Mia; Paxton, Robert; Pérez-Méndez, Néstor; Picante de Carvalho, Rafael; Pirttilehto, Paavo; Pisman, Matti; Potts, Simon; Raine, Nigel; Reilly, James; Roquer-Beni, Laura; Samnegård, Ulrika; Stanley, Dara; Sutter, Louis; Teixeira-Martins, Kyle; Tierney, Simon; Veldtman, Ruan; Vereecken, Nicolas; Wäckers, Felix; Weekers, Timothy; Wilson, Julianna; Wu, Panlong; Verheyen, Kris; Baronio, GudryanABSTRACT: Apple is one of the most important pollinator-dependent fruit crops worldwide. To secure high-quality yields, it is crucial to know which, and to what extent, pollinating insects contribute to its pollination success as measured by fruit set, fruit weight and seed set. We perform a meta-analysis of field studies conducted across multiple orchards on insect-mediated pollination in apple cultivation, using raw data from 29 studies, totalling 532 orchard replicates. We assessed the extent of pollen limitation on different pollination outcomes and assessed the contribution of honeybees, wild bees and bee species richness to apple pollination. Across all studies, we detected strong evidence of pollen limitation for fruit set and seed set, but not for fruit weight. Honeybees were the most abundant flower visitors (average relative visitation of 71.9%) compared to wild bees; but when correcting for their pollination efficiency, the relative pollination contribution of honeybees was lower compared to their relative visitation (vice versa for solitary bees). We conclude that honeybee visitation rate did not influence fruit or seed set; yet increasing honeybee visitation had a small, negative effect on fruit weight. Fruit set was not influenced by wild bee visitation rate, whereas wild bee visitation had a small, but clear positive effect on fruit weight and seed set. Bee species richness had a small, positive effect on seed set; whereas it did not affect fruit set and fruit weight. Syntheses and applications. Our study highlights that pollen limitation is common in this global crop. While managed honeybees are dominant pollinators, a diverse community of wild bees contributes significantly to apple pollination and high-quality yield. The positive effect of wild bees and species richness on fruit weight and seed set demonstrates that wild bee pollination results in better-quality fruit production (increased weight & seed set). Therefore, our synthesis highlights the importance of conserving pollinator diversity to maintain pollination services. The absence of a clear effect of honeybee visitation rate on fruit and seed set, coupled with its negative impact on fruit weight, suggests a need for further optimisation of honeybee management to improve the cost-efficiency of pollination management.
- Ineffective marine protected areas in AzoresPublication . Barreiros, João Pedro; Aguilar-Perera, Alfonso; Barcelos, Luís; Anderson, Antônio; Beheregaray, Anderson; Díaz-Ferguson, EdgardoABSTRACT: On 13 November 2025, Science published the Research Article “Integrative phylogenomics positions sponges at the root of the animal tree” by Jacob L. Steenwyk and Nicole King (1). The authors alerted us that errors in the analysis pipeline had affected the results to an extent that they are no longer reliable. Two aspects of the data analysis introduced artifacts. First, an imbalance between the number of sponges and ctenophores in the dataset biased one of the scoring metrics, thereby influencing the outcomes. Second, part of the analysis involved collapsing internal nodes, which was not properly accommodated by the software used. The authors thank Casey W. Dunn and colleagues for bringing this to their attention, as detailed in an eLetter and in Steenwyk and King’s eLetter Response, both available at https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science. adw9456#elettersSection. Given these issues, both authors have requested a Retraction. Science is therefore retracting the Research Article.
- Life-history attributes and biocontrol potential of the Purple coccidophagous ladybird, Rhyzobius lophanthae (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)Publication . Alloush, Asem; Omkar; Raposo, Vera; Costa Miranda Soares, António Onofre; Burgio, GiovanniABSTRACT: Rhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an Australian coccidophagous ladybird, that preys on several species Diaspididae and others soft scale insects. It is widely distributed and has been successfully introduced and established in many temperate regions around the world. This article aims to review the literature on R. lophanthae, focusing on its taxonomy and nomenclature, prey range and geographical distribution, biology and ecology (including, life-history, morphological description and identification, effects of temperature on survival and mortality rate, predation rate and fecundity, growth, development and life tables), impact of chemical pesticides and successful application as biocontrol agent. Additionally, this review identifies key aspects (areas) where future research should be focused, including molecular identification and phylogenetic relationships, intraguild predation and cannibalism, cold storage and artificial diets, impact of climate change, effects of pesticides at various life stages, optimal release strategies and role of functional diversity on its maintenance and conservation.
- Living Under the Volcano: Effects on the Nervous System and Human HealthPublication . Navarro-Sempere, Alicia; Cobo, Raúl; Camarinho, Ricardo; Garcia, Patrícia; dos Santos Rodrigues, Armindo; Garcia, Magdalena; Segovia, Yolanda; Kim, Ki-HyunABSTRACT: Volcanoes, during their explosive and post-explosive phases, as well as through continuous degassing processes, release a range of pollutants hazardous to human health, including toxic gases, fine particulate matter, and heavy metals. These emissions impact over 14% of the global population living in proximity to volcanoes, with effects that can persist for days, decades, or even centuries. Living conditions in these regions often involve chronic exposure to contaminants in the air, water, and soil, significantly increasing the risk of developing neurological disorders. Prolonged exposure to elements such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd), among others, results in the accumulation of metals in the brain, which increases oxidative stress and causes neuronal damage and severe neurotoxicity in animals. An examination of metal accumulation in brain cells, particularly astroglia, provides valuable insights into the developmental neurotoxicity of these metals. Moreover, microglia may activate itself to protect from cytotoxicity. In this review, we consider the implications of living near an active volcano for neurotoxicity and the common neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we encourage governments to implement public health strategies and mitigation measures to protect vulnerable communities residing near active volcanoes.
- On art, science, and the conservation of subterranean ecosystemsPublication . Mammola, Stefano; Malumbres-Olarte, Jagoba; Vaccarelli, Ilaria; Nanni, Veronica; Bellvert, Adrià; Jaric, Ivan; Borba, ElizabethABSTRACT: Caves, with their unique geologic and biological features, have inspired human imagination throughout history. From photography to movies, through comics, painting, and poetry, subterranean ecosystems feature prominently in various forms of artistic expression, often incorporating scientific ideas or concepts. Integrating art with science offers a powerful way to convey the uniqueness and importance of the organisms that inhabit subterranean ecosystems, emphasizing their importance as providers of key ecological and cultural services. This, in turn, would help promote their conservation. We discuss realized and unrealized connections between subterranean biologists and artists, aiming to achieve broader protection for subterranean ecosystems. We showcase the different art forms that depict subterranean environments, explain how each aligns with conservation science, and highlight the mutual benefits artists and researchers in subterranean biology can derive from collaboration. In doing so, we pose two important questions: How can we effectively bridge the cultural divide between subterranean scientists and artists? And how can we assess the effectiveness of art in enhancing science communication about subterranean ecosystems and their conservation? By addressing these questions, we envision a future where art and science intersect to safeguard the rich and diverse subterranean biological and cultural heritage.
- Restoring functional farmland biodiversity for biological pest controlPublication . Wyckhuys, Kris; Bushley, Kathryn; Gratton, Claudio; Gurr, Geoff; Pozsgai, Gabor; Tscharntke, Teja; Wanger, Thomas; Lu, Yanhui; Elkahky, MagedABSTRACT: Roughly 40% of global agri-food production is lost to pests during an era when productivity gains are essential to humanity. Restoring farmland biodiversity for conservation biological control offers potential to secure win-win outcomes for yield and the environment. However, achieving this is hindered by gaps in our understanding of agrobiodiversity, including a lack of data on the occurrence, identity, and interactions of farm-dwelling (plant, animal, microbial) biota. Limited interdisciplinary collaboration and weak policy frameworks exacerbate these issues. Comprehensive data capture using standardized metrics, universal protocols, farmer–scientist cooperation, and next-generation tools could consolidate the evidence base on which to reform farming practice. This will involve ecologists stepping outside their comfort zones to promote behavioral change and make ecological intensification a reality.
- The Ripple Effects of Climate Change on Tibetan Alpine ArthropodsPublication . Oyarzabal da Silva, Guilherme; Borges, P.A.V.
- Species and trait abundance distributions as tools for understanding disturbance effects and community assembly in applied ecologyPublication . Ulrich, Werner; Borges, P.A.V.; Fattorini, Simone; ter Steege, Hans; Gotelli, Nicholas; Magurran, Anne; Marquet, Pablo; Schrader, Julian; Matthews, Thomas; Gutierrez, JesusABSTRACT: Species abundance distributions (SADs) depict the order of species based on their ranked abundances. While they have been central to much theoretical work in community ecology, their practical value in applied ecology is still debated. Supported by a meta-analysis of 1153 publications on SADs, we review the state of the art in the practical use of SADs and provide a conceptual framework for the study of SADs in an applied context. Of the studies sourced through the meta-analysis, only 5% had a truly applied focus; 93% of these studies dealt with the influence of agricultural practices, forest management, pollution or other forms of disturbance on the shape of the SAD. We found little support for previous claims that disturbance shifts species abundance distributions from a lognormal to a steep logseries form. Some species-rich communities, such as tropical forests, are well fit by a logseries even in the absence of disturbance, and steep, uneven SADs may be more representative of dispersal-limited communities under neutral dynamics. Policy implications. Further insight into the links between disturbance and species abundance may come from the recognition that the species abundance distribution (SAD) is a special case of a broader concept, the trait abundance distribution (TAD), which can provide indirect information on resource utilisation and niche partitioning. An analysis of the changes in SADs and TADs, together with environmental data, should allow for a better understanding of the assembly and functioning of ecological communities in both applied and basic ecology.
- Subterranean environments contribute to three-quarters of classified ecosystem servicesPublication . Mammola, Stefano; Brankovits, David; Di Lorenzo, Tiziana; Amorim do Rosário, Isabel; Bancila, Racula; Bellvert, Adrià; Bernard, Enrico; Blomberg, Anna; Borges, P.A.V.; Cappelletti, Martina; Ferreira, Rodrigo; Gabriel, Rosalina; Galassi, Diana M.P.; Garzoli, Laura; Gerovasileiou, Vasilis; Hose, Grant; Korbel, Kathryn; Martino, Simone; Miller, Ana; Mori, Nataša; Nanni, Veronica; Nicolosi, Giuseppe; Saccò, Mattia; Sakihara, Troy; Silva, Marconi; Tamalavage, Anne; Zagmajster, Maja; Chávez, Efraín; Griebler, Christian; Cardoso, Pedro; Serrano Martínez, AlejandroABSTRACT: Beneath the Earth's surface lies a network of interconnected caves, voids, and systems of fissures forming in rocks of sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic origin. Although largely inaccessible to humans, this hidden realm supports and regulates services critical to ecological health and human well-being. Subterranean ecosystems are integral to major biogeochemical cycles, sustain diverse surface habitats, and serve as the primary source of irrigation and drinking water. They also offer non-material benefits, including scientific discovery, education, and cultural practices. Yet, these contributions often go unrecognised, partly due to the lack of a unified synthesis of ecosystem services across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine subterranean compartments. This gap limits effective communication of their value to scientists, practitioners, and the public. Through a systematic expert-based review, we show that subterranean ecosystems contribute to up to 75% of classified ecosystem services. Notably, many of these contributions are described only qualitatively, lacking numerical or economic quantification. Next, we list examples of the main ecosystem services provided by subterranean systems to offer a global overview of their multifaceted value and vulnerability to environmental change. We believe this synthesis provides researchers and practitioners with concrete examples to communicate more effectively the importance of subterranean ecosystems to diverse audiences.