Browsing by Author "Dinis, Francisco"
Now showing 1 - 10 of 11
Results Per Page
Sort Options
- Description of the terrestrial Azorean biodiversityPublication . Borges, Paulo A. V.; Cunha, Regina Tristão da; Gabriel, Rosalina; Martins, António M. de Frias; Silva, Luís; Vieira, Virgílio; Dinis, Francisco; Lourenço, Paula C.; Pinto, NunoOs Açores constituem um arquipélago de nove ilhas oceânicas isoladas, onde os organismos terrestres chegaram através do vento, do mar, noutros animais e, nos tempos históricos, com a ajuda humana. Este capítulo analisa de forma detalhada aquilo que se conhece sobre a biodiversidade terrestre dos Açores. Para tal analisámos os quatro grandes grupos de organismos listados no capítulo 4: Bryophyta (musgos, antocerotas e hepáticas), Pteridophyta e Spermatophyta (fetos e fanerogâmicas), Mollusca (lesmas e caracóis) e Arthropoda (centopeias, diplópodes, crustáceos, aranhas, ácaros, insectos, etc.). O número total de espécies e/ou subespécies dos Açores pertencentes aos quatro grupos de organismos acima referidos é de cerca de 3705 (3666 espécies e 224 subespécies). No entanto, adicionando outros grupos como os vertebrados (Chordata, Vertebrata), anelídeos (Annelida), nemátodos (Nematoda) e líquenes, aquele número sobe para 4487 espécies e/ou subspecies (4443 espécies e 232 subespécies). O número total de espécies e/ou subespécies endémicas dos Açores pertencentes aos Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta, Mollusca e Arthropoda totaliza as 393 (384 espécies e 44 subespécies). Os filos animais são os mais diversos em taxa endémicos (Mollusca = 49; Arthropoda = 267), com cerca de 80 % dos endemismos dos Açores. Deve ser ainda de assinalar a elevada percentagem de endemismo nos caracóis e lesmas (Mollusca) terrestres dos Açores, com cerca de 44% de endemismo. As plantas vasculares possuem 68 endemismos e os briófitos 9. Usando um estimador não paramétrico, a estimativa conservadora da riqueza de taxa endémicos terrestres de briófitos, plantas vasculares, moluscos e artrópodes rondará 530 taxa, pelo que apenas 77% dos endemismos dos Açores serão conhecidos. Em apenas alguns géneros se verificou uma taxa de especiação elevada, na sua maior parte pertencentes aos filos Mollusca e Arthropoda. A maior parte das espécies de artrópodes e moluscos endémicos são conhecidas apenas de uma ilha, enquanto que, nas plantas, uma grande fracção das espécies ocorre na maioria das ilhas. A análise das proporções das várias categorias de colonização mostra que uma grande proporção da phanerofauna de artrópodes e da flora de plantas vasculares do arquipélago é constituída por espécies introduzidas. Deste modo, as invasões por espécies exóticas constituem um problema actual e terão impactos futuros na biodiversidade dos Açores, criando um padrão de uniformização da fauna e flora. Os Açores constituem o arquipélago da Macaronésia geologicamente mais recente, estando situado mais a norte. As suas nove ilhas isoladas no meio do oceano Atlântico possuem uma grande diversidade de histórias geológicas e constituem laboratórios ecológicos e evolutivos extraordinários. Torna-se cada vez mais importante um esforço adicional nos estudos de taxonomia e ecologia de comunidades que envolvam o estudo de grupos taxonómicos mal conhecidos (fungos, líquenes, muitos grupos de artrópodes) mas também a revisão taxonómica de muitas espécies de briófitos e plantas vasculares.
- Efeito da intensificação do uso do solo na comunidade de artrópodes da ilha TerceiraPublication . Dinis, Francisco; Borges, Paulo A. V.As actividades económicas têm um impacto no território, verificando-se em estudos na área da conservação da natureza, de fragmentação de habitats e de agro-ecossistemas que as alterações no Uso do Solo afectam a Biodiversidade. O processo histórico de colonização dos Açores é responsável pela redução da área da floresta nativa das ilhas, com consequências na riqueza específica da fauna insular. O objectivo deste trabalho é de analisar a distribuição da riqueza da fauna de artrópodes em diferentes usos do solo na ilha Terceira. Cartografou-se com uma quadrícula de 500X500 m os seguintes usos do solo: Pastagem Intensiva, Pastagem Semi-Natural, Plantação Exótica de Eucalipto, Plantação Exótica de Criptoméria e Floresta Nativa. Na análise efectuada adicionou-se ainda o Prado Natural e a Turfeira, habitats de área mais reduzida. Proporcionalmente à área de cada uso do solo efectuou-se a implantação de transeptos de 150 m, com 30 armadilhas cada, num total de 82 transeptos. Com o recurso ao Software Spatial Analysis in Macroecology (SAM), utilizaram-se métodos de regressão para determinar a relação entre a riqueza em espécies do conjunto de artrópodes, das espécies introduzidas, das indígenas e das endémicas e variáveis ambientais (climáticas) e a percentagem de cada uso do solo. Os nossos resultados confirmam que as comunidades de artrópodes são afectados por um gradiente de intensificação do uso do solo. A pastagem semi natural funciona como um habitat de transição, podendo ser potencialmente um corredor para um mecanismo de substituição de espécies indígenas por espécies exóticas na floresta Nativa. Quaisquer medidas de conservação e gestão da biodiversidade poderão ser avaliadas com o recurso a técnicas de modelação, a partir das relações quantificadas neste estudo.
- Extinction debt on oceanic islandsPublication . Triantis, Kostas A.; Borges, Paulo A. V.; Ladle, Richard J.; Hortal, Joaquín; Cardoso, Pedro; Gaspar, Clara; Dinis, Francisco; Pereira, Enésima; Silveira, Lúcia M. A.; Gabriel, Rosalina; Melo, Catarina; Santos, Ana M. C.; Amorim, Isabel R.; Ribeiro, Sérvio P.; Serrano, Artur R. M.; Quartau, José A.; Whittaker, Robert J.Habitat destruction is the leading cause of species extinctions. However, there is typically a time-lag between the reduction in habitat area and the eventual disappearance of the remnant populations. These “surviving but ultimately doomed” species represent an extinction debt. Calculating the magnitude of such future extinction events has been hampered by potentially inaccurate assumptions about the slope of species–area relationships, which are habitat- and taxon-specific. We overcome this challenge by applying a method that uses the historical sequence of deforestation in the Azorean Islands, to calculate realistic and ecologically-adjusted species–area relationships. The results reveal dramatic and hitherto unrecognized levels of extinction debt, as a result of the extensive destruction of the native forest:>95%, in<600 yr. Our estimations suggest that more than half of the extant forest arthropod species, which have evolved in and are dependent on the native forest, might eventually be driven to extinction. Data on species abundances from Graciosa Island, where only a very small patch of secondary native vegetation still exists, as well as the number of species that have not been found in the last 45 yr, despite the extensive sampling effort, offer support to the predictions made. We argue that immediate action to restore and expand native forest habitat is required to avert the loss of numerous endemic species in the near future.
- Ilhas OceânicasPublication . Borges, Paulo A. V.; Azevedo, Eduardo B.; Borba, Alfredo Emílio Silveira de; Dinis, Francisco; Gabriel, Rosalina; Silva, EmilianaOs arquipélagos dos Açores e Madeira constituem as duas zonas insulares portuguesas. Localizados no Oceano Atlântico, estes dois arquipélagos possuem uma importância estratégica em termos de zona económica exclusiva e em termos militares (e.g., Base Americana das Lajes na ilha Terceira). Na sua qualidade de ilhas oceânicas isoladas possuem igualmente ecossistemas singulares (e.g., a floresta de Laurissilva da Madeira foi recentemente nomeada como Património da UNESCO) e uma elevada diversidade de espécies únicas (ver as listas recentes da fauna e flora dos Açores e da Madeira e Selvagens; Borges et al., 2005a, 2008a). Apesar de cada um destes arquipélagos possuir características exclusivas, os Açores funcionam como um excelente modelo de ecossistema insular, neste caso com nove ilhas de origem vulcânica e isoladas no meio do oceano. Assim, optámos por focar este capítulo essencialmente no arquipélago dos Açores, fazendo no entanto uma análise da diversidade faunística e florística do arquipélago da Madeira. Muitos dos processos sócio-ecológicos poderão, no entanto, ser extrapoláveis para a Madeira já que estas ilhas se encontram sensivelmente à mesma latitude. Diga-se ainda que optámos por limitar a nossa análise essencialmente aos ecossistemas terrestres. (da Introdução)
- Insect and spider rarity in an oceanic island (Terceira, Azores): true rare and pseudo-rare speciesPublication . Borges, Paulo A. V.; Ugland, Karl I.; Dinis, Francisco; Gaspar, ClaraUntil now the mechanisms of how recent historical land-use (hereafter called "habitat") changes in island ecosystems shape the distribution of individual insect species have been poorly understood in the field of conservation biology. In the present study we concentrate on the delicate equilibrium of the contribution of habitat island composition (i.e. habitat resource availability) with respect to island insect distribution patterns. In this context we study in detail the distribution patterns of four functional groups (herbivorous sucking insects, herbivorous chewing insects, spiders and other arthropod predators) of endemic, native and exotic arthropod species in a well-studied island of the Azores archipelago (Terceira). Within the bigger context of a standardized sampling program both for epigean and canopy insects and spiders we want to find out which species are truly rare and which are pseudo-rare species in each target habitat. Two dimensions of rarity were measured: abundance and habitat specialization. Two domains of rarity were identified: "among habitats" and "geographic". Some interesting patterns emerged. The high dispersal abilities of many insect and spider species together with the fact that many species from islands tend to be generalists imply that many species tend to be vagrants in several habitats and consequently are locally habitat pseudo-rarities. Two types of local pseudorare species were identified: "habitat (or land-use)" and "host plant" pseudorarities. Some species are rare in one habitat type whilst they are more common in another, often related habitat, or they are relatively rare in many habitats. This is a consequence of a "mass effect", with many species demonstrating a "source-sink" dynamics. Truly regionally rare species are those that are habitat specialists and many of them are threatened endemic species or recently introduced exotic species. We suggest several hypotheses for the patterns found, based on the former larger distribution and disturbance regimes of the native Laurel forest. Insufficient spatial replication in sampling can lead to the conclusion that numerous species appear to be rare because they were sampled in marginal sites or in the edge of their distribution. Since habitat occurrence is a less reliable predictor of the rarity status, more attention should be given to the standardized sampling of many habitats before extracting conclusions about the threatened status of a particular insect or spider species. Our results provide clear evidence that without adequate spatial data on abundance and habitat requirements, rarity status for insects and spiders on islands and elsewhere cannot be appropriately assessed.
- List of arthropods (Arthropoda)Publication . Borges, Paulo A. V.; Vieira, Virgilio; Dinis, Francisco; Jarroca, Sandra; Aguiar, Carlos; Amaral, João; Aarvik, Leif; Ashmole, Philip; Ashmole, Myrtle; Amorim, Isabel R.; André, Genage; Argente, Maria C.; Arraiol, Anabela; Cabrera, Almudena; Diaz, Suraya; Enghoff, H.; Gaspar, Clara; Pereira, Enésima; Gisbert, Hugo M.; Gonçalves, Paula; Lopes, David João Horta; Melo, Catarina; Mota, José A.; Oliveira, Odelta; Oromí, Pedro; Pereira, Fernando E. A. P.; Pombo, Dalberto; Quartau, José A.; Ribeiro, Sérvio P.; Rodrigues, Ana C.; Santos, Ana M. C.; Serrano, Artur R. M.; Simões, Ana M.; Soares, António O.; Sousa, António B.; Vieira, Luís; Vitorino, Álvaro; Wunderlich, Joerg
- Patterns of alpha and beta diversity of epigean arthropods at contrasting land-uses of an oceanic island (Terceira, Azores)Publication . Cardoso, Pedro; Gaspar, Clara; Dinis, Francisco; Borges, Paulo A. V."[…]. To study the effect of land-use change in biological communities it is necessary to understand how are the different components of diversity distributed in space. Diversity has long been separated into different components according to the phenomena that interest ecologists (Whittaker, 1960, 1972): i) local species richness, i.e., alpha (community) diversity that measures the species richness of a local assemblage; ii) beta diversity, the degree of difference between communities (Whittaker et al., 2001), that measures turnover of species between communities and; iii) gamma (regional) diversity, which can be considered an equivalent to alpha diversity on a larger scale, but reflects the allopatric distribution of related taxa. Alpha diversity, of which species richness is just the most visible measure, is perhaps the most studied aspect of diversity. However, probably more important than knowing how many species live in a site at a given time, it is to know what species are these. In islands, where the introduction of non-indigenous species is one of the major threats to indigenous species (Borges et al., 2006; Martín et al., 2008), especially endemics, this question is even more significant. Even if man-made habitats are species rich, they may be empty of species considered as conservation priority and abundant in exotic species (Cardoso et al. 2009a). […]" (da Introdução)
- Ranking protected areas in the Azores using standardised sampling of soil epigean arthropodsPublication . Borges, Paulo A. V.; Aguiar, Carlos; Amaral, João; Amorim, Isabel R.; André, Genage; Arraiol, Anabela; Baz, Arturo; Dinis, Francisco; Enghoff, H.; Gaspar, Clara; Ilharco, Fernando A.; Mahnert, Volker; Melo, Catarina; Pereira, Fernando E. A. P.; Quartau, José A.; Ribeiro, Sérvio P.; Ribes, Jordi; Serrano, Artur R. M.; Sousa, António B.; Strassen, R. Z.; Vieira, Luís; Vieira, Virgílio; Vitorino, Álvaro; Wunderlich, JoergNineteen areas in seven of the nine Azorean islands were evaluated for species diversity and rarity based on soil epigean arthropods. Fifteen out of the 19 study areas are managed as Natural Forest Reserves and the remaining four were included due to their importance as indigenous forest cover. Four of the 19 areas are not included in the European Conservation network, NATURA 2000. Two sampling replicates were run per study area, and a total of 191 species were collected; 43 of those species (23%) are endemic to the archipelago and 12 have yet to be described. To produce an unbiased multiple-criteria index (importance value for conservation, IV-C) incorporating diversity and rarity based indices, an iterative partial multiple regression analysis was performed. In addition, an irreplaceability index and the complementarity method (using both optimisation and heuristic methods) were used for priority-reserves analyses. It was concluded that at least one well-managed reserve per island is absolutely necessary to have a good fraction of the endemic arthropods preserved. We found that for presence/absence data the suboptimal complementarity algorithm provides solutions as good as the optimal algorithm. For abundance data, optimal solutions indicate that most reserves are needed if we want that at least 50% of endemic arthropod populations are represented in a minimum set of reserves. Consistently, two of the four areas not included in the NATURA 2000 framework were considered of high priority, indicating that vascular plants and bird species used to determine NATURA 2000 sites are not good surrogates of arthropod diversity in the Azores. The most irreplaceable reserves are those located in older islands, which indicates that geological history plays an important role in explaining faunal diversity of arthropods in the Azores. Based both on the uniqueness of species composition and high species richness, conservation efforts should be focused on the unmanaged Pico Alto region in the archipelago’s oldest island, Santa Maria.
- A spatial scale assessment of habitat effects on arthropod communities of an oceanic islandPublication . Cardoso, Pedro; Aranda, Silvia C.; Lobo, Jorge M.; Dinis, Francisco; Gaspar, Clara; Borges, Paulo A. V.Most habitats in the Azores have undergone substantial land-use changes and anthropogenic disturbance during the last six centuries. In this study we assessed how the richness, abundance and composition of arthropod communities change with: (1) habitat type and (2) the surrounding land-use at different spatial scales. The research was conducted in Terceira Island, Azores. In eighty-one sites of four different habitat types (natural and exotic forests, semi-natural and intensively managed pastures), epigaeic arthropods were captured with pitfall traps and classified as endemic, native or introduced. The land-use surrounding each site was characterized within a radius ranging from 100 to 5000 m. Non-parametric tests were used to identify differences in species richness, abundance and composition between habitat types at different spatial scales. Endemic and native species were more abundant in natural forests, while introduced species were more abundant in intensively managed pastures. Natural forests and intensively managed pastures influenced arthropod species richness and composition at all spatial scales. Exotic forests and semi-natural pastures, however, influenced the composition of arthropod communities at larger scales, promoting the connectivity of endemic and native species populations. Local species richness, abundance and composition of arthropod communities are mostly determined by the presence of nearby natural forests and/or intensively managed pastures. However, semi-natural pastures and exotic forests seem to play an important role as corridors between natural forests for both endemic and native species. Furthermore, exotic forests may serve as a refuge for some native species.
- Species distribution models do not account for abundance: the case of arthropods in Terceira IslandPublication . Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto; Dinis, Francisco; Azevedo, Eduardo B.; Borges, Paulo A. V.The objective of this study is to investigate whether presence/absence models can be used as surrogates of arthropod abundance, and eventually under which circumstances such surrogacy is guaranteed. Presence/absence data for 48 arthropod species from Terceira Island were modelled using artificial neural networks. Probabilities of occurrence were correlated with abundance data from a standardized arthropod survey programme. Although a tendency was found for vagile species to show relationships, only nine species showed significant positive correlations between probability of presence and abundance. Five of these were exotic spider species with high abundances and wide distributions in several human-modified habitats. The patchy distribution of pristine habitats, the capacity to reach them and the probable low dependence on limiting resources, other than food, enhance the relationship. A lack of significant correlations for the majority of the species may be due to historical events, inappropriate scale, demographic controls of density, or the incapacity of presence/absence models to account for environmental suitability. The difficulty to identify a priori the species for which the relationship will hold advises against the use of species distribution models as surrogates of arthropod abundance.