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Genetic diversity study of the Macaronesian Campanulaceae with emphasis on the Musschia genus
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Resumo(s)
A classificação da família Campanulaceae tem gerado controvérsia, devido aos conflitos existentes entre as caraterísticas morfológicas e os dados moleculares gerados. Várias espécies indígenas e naturalizadas são geralmente encontradas na Macaronésia e apesar dos vários estudos moleculares já publicados para esta família, as relações filogenéticas entre as espécies da macaronésia estão longe de estarem resolvidas. Este estudo, baseado numa larga amostragem cobrindo todos os arquipélagos da Macaronésia, tem como objetivo clarificar a diversidade filogenética e o estatuto de colonização destas espécies, bem como as suas relações com os taxa dos continentes.
Foram selecionadas sete espécies endémicas: Azorina vidalii dos Açores; o género endémico Musschia, com três espécies (M. aurea, M. wollastonii e M. isambertoi) da Madeira, as Campanula de Cabo Verde (C. bravensis e C. jacobaea) e Wahlenbergia lobelioides subsp. lobelioides, endémica da Macaronésia (com estatuto duvidoso para Cabo Verde). Também foram selecionadas Lobelia urens, Campanula erinus e Trachelium caeruleum devido ao seu estatuto pouco claro. A região do ITS e seis marcadores do cloroplasto (atpB, matK, petD, rbcL, trnL-F e psbA-trnH) foram amplificados e realizadas as análises de máxima parcimónia, máxima verosimilhança e inferência bayesiana. As redes filogenéticas e de haplótipos foram produzidas utilizando os algoritmos de NeighborNet e TCS.
Foi observado um elevado grau de conflito entre os sinais filogenéticos na divergência da maioria das espécies na Macaronésia e haplótipos endémicos foram encontrados dentro e entre arquipélagos para as espécies-alvo. Foi encontrada variabilidade intraespecífica em três populações do grupo central nos Açores, que podem indicar a existência de processos evolutivos a decorrerem, enquanto C. bravensis e C. jacobaea mostram uma fraca distinção entre grupos do mesmo género. Campanula erinus aparece distinta para a Macaronésia e os subgrupos detetados para T. caeruleum e W. lobelioides subsp. lobelioides sugerem uma revisão ao nível da morfologia. A existência das três espécies de Musschia foi confirmada, mas a distinção molecular de M. aurea do Garajau sugere a necessidade de futuros estudos morfológicos. A informação filogenética gerada durante este estudo, integrada com dados da sua distribuição e avaliação do estado de conservação da Lista Vermelha, permitirá orientar futuras medidas de conservação para as espécies estudadas dentro da área de hot spot da Macaronésia.
ABSTRACT: The Campanulaceae classification has raised controversy due to conflicts between morphological characteristics and molecular genetic data. Several indigenous and naturalized species are commonly found in Macaronesia and despite several molecular studies already published for this family, the phylogenetic relationships between the Macaronesian species are still far from resolved. This study, based on a wide taxonomic sampling covering all the Macaronesian archipelagos, aims to clarify the phylogenetic diversity and colonization status of these Campanulaceae species, as well as their relationships with continental taxa. Seven endemic species were selected: Azorina vidalii in Azores; the endemic genus Musschia, with three species (M. aurea, M. wollastonii and M. isambertoi) in Madeira, the Cape Verde Campanula (C. bravensis, C. jacobaea) and Wahlenbergia lobelioides subsp. lobelioides, a Macaronesian endemic (with doubtful status in Cape Verde). Additionally, Lobelia urens, Campanula erinus and Trachelium caeruleum were also selected due to their unclear status. The ITS region and six cpDNA markers (atpB, matK, petD, rbcL, trnL-F and psbAtrnH) were screened and a maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and bayesian inference analyses were conducted. Phylogenetic and haplotype networks were computed using the NeighborNet and the TCS Network algorithms. A high degree of conflicting phylogenetic signals was observed in most of species divergences in Macaronesia and endemic haplotypes were found within and inter-archipelagos for all the target species. Intraspecific variability in A. vidalii were found in three population of the central group in the Azores which may indicate the existence of ongoing evolutionary processes, while C. bravensis and C. jacobaea showed weak groups within the congeneric taxa. Campanula erinus appears to be distinctive in Macaronesia and subgroups detected in T. caeruleum and W. lobelioides subsp. lobelioides suggest a morphological revision. It was possible to confirm the existence of three species of Musschia, but a molecular distinctiveness of M. aurea from Garajau suggests the need for further morphological studies. The phylogenetic information generated during this study, integrated with distribution data and Red List conservation status assessments, will allow deriving future appropriate conservation guidelines for the studied species, within the hotspot area of the Macaronesian region.
ABSTRACT: The Campanulaceae classification has raised controversy due to conflicts between morphological characteristics and molecular genetic data. Several indigenous and naturalized species are commonly found in Macaronesia and despite several molecular studies already published for this family, the phylogenetic relationships between the Macaronesian species are still far from resolved. This study, based on a wide taxonomic sampling covering all the Macaronesian archipelagos, aims to clarify the phylogenetic diversity and colonization status of these Campanulaceae species, as well as their relationships with continental taxa. Seven endemic species were selected: Azorina vidalii in Azores; the endemic genus Musschia, with three species (M. aurea, M. wollastonii and M. isambertoi) in Madeira, the Cape Verde Campanula (C. bravensis, C. jacobaea) and Wahlenbergia lobelioides subsp. lobelioides, a Macaronesian endemic (with doubtful status in Cape Verde). Additionally, Lobelia urens, Campanula erinus and Trachelium caeruleum were also selected due to their unclear status. The ITS region and six cpDNA markers (atpB, matK, petD, rbcL, trnL-F and psbAtrnH) were screened and a maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and bayesian inference analyses were conducted. Phylogenetic and haplotype networks were computed using the NeighborNet and the TCS Network algorithms. A high degree of conflicting phylogenetic signals was observed in most of species divergences in Macaronesia and endemic haplotypes were found within and inter-archipelagos for all the target species. Intraspecific variability in A. vidalii were found in three population of the central group in the Azores which may indicate the existence of ongoing evolutionary processes, while C. bravensis and C. jacobaea showed weak groups within the congeneric taxa. Campanula erinus appears to be distinctive in Macaronesia and subgroups detected in T. caeruleum and W. lobelioides subsp. lobelioides suggest a morphological revision. It was possible to confirm the existence of three species of Musschia, but a molecular distinctiveness of M. aurea from Garajau suggests the need for further morphological studies. The phylogenetic information generated during this study, integrated with distribution data and Red List conservation status assessments, will allow deriving future appropriate conservation guidelines for the studied species, within the hotspot area of the Macaronesian region.
Descrição
Dissertação Mestrado, Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia Vegetal, 20 de Dezembro de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.
Palavras-chave
Filogenia Plantas Endémicas Conservação da Natureza Açores Conservation Island Biogeography Phylogeny Azores Archipelago
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Menezes, T. (2016). "Genetic diversity study of the Macaronesian Campanulaceae with emphasis on the Musschia genus". Master Thesis, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada. [Consult. Day Month Year]. Available in www:<http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/4044>.