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- Supporting the spatial management of invasive alien plants through assessment of landscape dynamics and connectivityPublication . Machado, Rui; Duarte, Liliana Neto; Gil, Artur José Freire; Sousa‐Neves, Nuno; Pirnat, Janez; Santos, PedroInvasive alien species are responsible for several negative impacts worldwide. Managing biological invasions is often difficult and the success rate is quite low, but with good planning it is possible to achieve good results. Besides employing the correct methods and techniques, an overall strategy based on landscape dynamics and expected spatial patterns can be fundamental to achieve success. The decision of where to act can be embedded in a general strategy based on several criteria/goals such as control of large populations, connectivity disruption, and so on. This work focused on Acacia dealbata in a Natura 2000 site in Portugal, how the current amount and distribution can affect the spread pattern, and different possible strategies to approach the management. Based on the species dispersal traits, we argue that not only the area but also the perimeter (therefore, the shape) and location of the patches should be considered when fighting the invasion. Three scenarios were designed and compared using the perimeter–area ratio, a landscape dynamics analysis, and a connectivity index. Results show that removing the patches with higher perimeter–area ratio (mostly small satellite patches) would be more impactful than removing the larger patch or removing random intermediary perimeter–area patches first. After this approach based on landscape dynamics, the employment of a connectivity assessment provided an ordered list of patches to remove sequentially. Overall, this approach can be valuable in the early steps of the planning process, supporting better decisions regarding the available resources and contributing to maximize the effectiveness of the action.
- A low-cost Sentinel-2 data and Rao’s Q diversity index-based application for detecting, assessing and monitoring coastal land-cover/land-use changes at high spatial resolutionPublication . Tassi, Andrea; Gil, Artur José FreireCoastal zones in small oceanic islands as the Archipelago of the Azores (Portugal) are very sensitive territories severely threatened by climate change, natural disasters, biological invasions, infrastructure and tourism development, and also agriculture intensification. Land-cover/land-use changes are one of the most relevant indicators for monitoring and assessing coastal spatial planning and management policies in insular territories. This paper describes the application of a low-cost Rao's Q diversity index-based remote sensing tool able to provide a systematic and accurate coastal land-cover/land-use monitoring system in small oceanic islands, using free and open access Sentinel-2 multispectral satellite data and Terceira island (Archipelago of the Azores, Portugal) as the case-study area. Results indicate that about 7% (∼300 hectares) of Terceira Island's coastal zone (∼4290 hectares) have changed their land-cover/ land-use between March 2017 and December 2018 (21 months). Agricultural areas (4.1%), urban areas (2.1%) and bare soil areas (0.6%) are the categories showing more relevant changes.
- Digitizing a sustainable futurePublication . Reisch, Lucia A.; Joppa, Lucas; Howson, Peter; Gil, Artur José Freire; Alevizou, Panayiota; Michaelidou, Nina; Appiah-Campbell, Ruby; Santarius, Tilman; Köhler, Susanne; Pizzol, Massimo; Schweizer, Pia-Johanna; Srinivasan, Dipti; Kaack, Lynn H.; Donti, Priya L.; Rolnick, DavidDigital technologies have a crucial role in facilitating transitions toward a sustainable future. Yet there remain challenges to overcome and pitfalls to avoid. This Voices asks: how do we leverage the digital transformation to successfully support a sustainability transition?
- Altimetry for the future : Building on 25 years of progressPublication . Abdalla, Saleh; Abdeh Kolahchi, Abdolnabi; Ablain, Michaël; Adusumilli, Susheel; Aich Bhowmick, Suchandra; Alou-Font, Eva; Amarouche, Laiba; Andersen, Ole Baltazar; Antich, Helena; Aouf, Lotfi; Arbic, Brian; Dorandeu, Joël; Drezen, Christine; Drinkwater, Mark; Du Penhoat, Yves; Dushaw, Brian; Egido, Alejandro; Erofeeva, Svetlana; Escudier, Philippe; Esselborn, Saskia; Exertier, Pierre; Armitage, Thomas; Fablet, Ronan; Falco, Cédric; Farrell, Sinead Louise; Faugere, Yannice; Femenias, Pierre; Fenoglio, Luciana; Fernandes, Joana; Fernández, Juan Gabriel; Ferrage, Pascale; Ferrari, Ramiro; Arnault, Sabine; Fichen, Lionel; Filippucci, Paolo; Flampouris, Stylianos; Fleury, Sara; Fornari, Marco; Forsberg, Rene; Frappart, Frédéric; Frery, Marie-laure; Garcia, Pablo; Garcia-Mondejar, Albert; Artana, Camila; Gaudelli, Julia; Gaultier, Lucile; Getirana, Augusto; Gibert, Ferran; Gil, Artur José Freire; Gilbert, Lin; Gille, Sarah; Giulicchi, Luisella; Gómez-Enri, Jesús; Gómez-Navarro, Laura; Aulicino, Giuseppe; Gommenginger, Christine; Gourdeau, Lionel; Griffin, David; Groh, Andreas; Guerin, Alexandre; Guerrero, Raul; Guinle, Thierry; Gupta, Praveen; Gutknecht, Benjamin D.; Hamon, Mathieu; Ayoub, Nadia; Han, Guoqi; Hauser, Danièle; Helm, Veit; Hendricks, Stefan; Hernandez, Fabrice; Hogg, Anna; Horwath, Martin; Idžanović, Martina; Janssen, Peter; Jeansou, Eric; Badulin, Sergei; Jia, Yongjun; Jia, Yuanyuan; Jiang, Liguang; Johannessen, Johnny A.; Kamachi, Masafumi; Karimova, Svetlana; Kelly, Kathryn; Kim, Sung Yong; King, Robert; Kittel, Cecile M.M.; Baker, Steven; Klein, Patrice; Klos, Anna; Knudsen, Per; Koenig, Rolf; Kostianoy, Andrey; Kouraev, Alexei; Kumar, Raj; Labroue, Sylvie; Lago, Loreley Selene; Lambin, Juliette; Banks, Chris; Lasson, Léa; Laurain, Olivier; Laxenaire, Rémi; Lázaro, Clara; Le Gac, Sophie; Le Sommer, Julien; Le Traon, Pierre-Yves; Lebedev, Sergey; Léger, Fabien; Legresy, Benoı̂t; Bao, Lifeng; Lemoine, Frank; Lenain, Luc; Leuliette, Eric; Levy, Marina; Lillibridge, John; Liu, Jianqiang; Llovel, William; Lyard, Florent; Macintosh, Claire; Makhoul Varona, Eduard; Barbetta, Silvia; Manfredi, Cécile; Marin, Frédéric; Mason, Evan; Massari, Christian; Mavrocordatos, Constantin; Maximenko, Nikolai; McMillan, Malcolm; Medina, Thierry; Melet, Angelique; Meloni, Marco; Barceló-Llull, Bàrbara; Mertikas, Stelios; Metref, Sammy; Meyssignac, Benoit; Minster, Jean-François; Moreau, Thomas; Moreira, Daniel; Morel, Yves; Morrow, Rosemary; Moyard, John; Mulet, Sandrine; Barlier, François; Naeije, Marc; Nerem, Robert Steven; Ngodock, Hans; Nielsen, Karina; Nilsen, Jan Even Øie; Niño, Fernando; Nogueira Loddo, Carolina; Noûs, Camille; Obligis, Estelle; Otosaka, Inès; Basu, Sujit; Otten, Michiel; Oztunali Ozbahceci, Berguzar; P. Raj, Roshin; Paiva, Rodrigo; Paniagua, Guillermina; Paolo, Fernando; Paris, Adrien; Pascual, Ananda; Passaro, Marcello; Paul, Stephan; Bauer-Gottwein, Peter; Pavelsky, Tamlin; Pearson, Christopher; Penduff, Thierry; Peng, Fukai; Perosanz, Felix; Picot, Nicolas; Piras, Fanny; Poggiali, Valerio; Poirier, Étienne; Ponce de León, Sonia; Becker, Matthias; Prants, Sergey; Prigent, Catherine; Provost, Christine; Pujol, M-Isabelle; Qiu, Bo; Quilfen, Yves; Rami, Ali; Raney, R. Keith; Raynal, Matthias; Remy, Elisabeth; Beckley, Brian; Rémy, Frédérique; Restano, Marco; Richardson, Annie; Richardson, Donald; Ricker, Robert; Ricko, Martina; Rinne, Eero; Rose, Stine Kildegaard; Rosmorduc, Vinca; Rudenko, Sergei; Bellefond, Nicole; Ruiz, Simón; Ryan, Barbara J.; Salaün, Corinne; Sanchez-Roman, Antonio; Sandberg Sørensen, Louise; Sandwell, David; Saraceno, Martin; Scagliola, Michele; Schaeffer, Philippe; Scharffenberg, Martin G.; Belonenko, Tatyana; Scharroo, Remko; Schiller, Andreas; Schneider, Raphael; Schwatke, Christian; Scozzari, Andrea; Ser-giacomi, Enrico; Seyler, Frederique; Shah, Rashmi; Sharma, Rashmi; Shaw, Andrew; Benkiran, Mounir; Shepherd, Andrew; Shriver, Jay; Shum, C.K.; Simons, Wim; Simonsen, Sebatian B.; Slater, Thomas; Smith, Walter; Soares, Saulo; Sokolovskiy, Mikhail; Soudarin, Laurent; Benkouider, Touati; Spatar, Ciprian; Speich, Sabrina; Srinivasan, Margaret; Srokosz, Meric; Stanev, Emil; Staneva, Joanna; Steunou, Nathalie; Stroeve, Julienne; Su, Bob; Sulistioadi, Yohanes Budi; Bennartz, Ralf; Swain, Debadatta; Sylvestre-baron, Annick; Taburet, Nicolas; Tailleux, Rémi; Takayama, Katsumi; Tapley, Byron; Tarpanelli, Angelica; Tavernier, Gilles; Testut, Laurent; Thakur, Praveen K.; Benveniste, Jérôme; Thibaut, Pierre; Thompson, LuAnne; Tintoré, Joaquín; Tison, Céline; Tourain, Cédric; Tournadre, Jean; Townsend, Bill; Tran, Ngan; Trilles, Sébastien; Tsamados, Michel; Bercher, Nicolas; Tseng, Kuo-Hsin; Ubelmann, Clément; Uebbing, Bernd; Vergara, Oscar; Verron, Jacques; Vieira, Telmo; Vignudelli, Stefano; Vinogradova Shiffer, Nadya; Visser, Pieter; Vivier, Frederic; Berge-Nguyen, Muriel; Volkov, Denis; von Schuckmann, Karina; Vuglinskii, Valerii; Vuilleumier, Pierrik; Walter, Blake; Wang, Jida; Wang, Chao; Watson, Christopher; Wilkin, John; Willis, Josh; Bettencourt, Joao; Wilson, Hilary; Woodworth, Philip; Yang, Kehan; Yao, Fangfang; Zaharia, Raymond; Zakharova, Elena; Zaron, Edward D.; Zhang, Yongsheng; Zhao, Zhongxiang; Zinchenko, Vadim; Blarel, Fabien; Zlotnicki, Victor; Blazquez, Alejandro; Blumstein, Denis; Bonnefond, Pascal; Borde, Franck; Bouffard, Jérôme; Boy, François; Boy, Jean-Paul; Brachet, Cédric; Brasseur, Pierre; Braun, Alexander; Brocca, Luca; Brockley, David; Brodeau, Laurent; Brown, Shannon; Bruinsma, Sean; Bulczak, Anna; Buzzard, Sammie; Cahill, Madeleine; Calmant, Stéphane; Calzas, Michel; Camici, Stefania; Cancet, Mathilde; Capdeville, Hugues; Carabajal, Claudia Cristina; Carrere, Loren; Cazenave, Anny; Chassignet, Eric P.; Chauhan, Prakash; Cherchali, Selma; Chereskin, Teresa; Cheymol, Cecile; Ciani, Daniele; Cipollini, Paolo; Cirillo, Francesca; Cosme, Emmanuel; Coss, Steve; Cotroneo, Yuri; Cotton, David; Couhert, Alexandre; Coutin-Faye, Sophie; Crétaux, Jean-François; Cyr, Frederic; d’Ovidio, Francesco; Darrozes, José; David, Cedric; Dayoub, Nadim; De Staerke, Danielle; Deng, Xiaoli; Desai, Shailen; Desjonqueres, Jean-Damien; Dettmering, Denise; Di Bella, Alessandro; Díaz-Barroso, Lara; Dibarboure, Gerald; Dieng, Habib Boubacar; Dinardo, Salvatore; Dobslaw, Henryk; Dodet, Guillaume; Doglioli, Andrea; Domeneghetti, Alessio; Donahue, David; Dong, Shenfu; Donlon, CraigIn 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion.
- How Many Azores Bullfinches (Pyrrhula murina) Are There in the World? Case Study of a Threatened SpeciesPublication . Costa, Tarso; Gil, Artur José Freire; Timóteo, Sérgio; Ceia, Ricardo S.; Coelho, Ruben; De La Cruz Martín, AzucenaThe Azores bullfinch (Pyrrhula murina Godman, 1866) is a rare Passeriformes endemic from the eastern part of São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal. This bird was almost considered extinct in the first half of the 20th century, but due to recent conservation measures, it has experienced a recovery since the beginning of the 2000s. Despite the attention given to this bird, the size of its population is still controversial, and the most recent studies present significant divergences on this behalf. The purpose of the present study is to present data from the long-term monitoring and results of the third single-morning survey of the Azores bullfinch to update information about the population size and range of this species. In addition, we performed a literature review to highlight the limitations and advantages of the different approaches for monitoring this species. The Azores Bullfinch records during the single-morning survey indicated a reduction in the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of this species in comparison with the previous studies, despite the increase in bird detection. However, we suggest that the distribution range of this species needs further analysis concerning its area to exclude non suitable habitats from this analysis. In this study, we conclude that the most likely size of the Azores bullfinch population is 500 to 800 couples, with a slow population growth tendency and an area of distribution of 136.5 km2.
- Assessing the local perception of climate change in a small island : a case studyPublication . Benedicto Royuela, José; Hervías Parejo, Sandra; Ambros, Barbara; Cruz, Azucena De La; Gil, Artur José FreireThe effects of climate change are global, but small islands are among the most vulnerable places. Local populations on small islands might have a ground-based perspective of the impacts that threaten them. This study was undertaken on Corvo (Azores), where 34% of the residents of both genders and different education levels were surveyed. Here, their understanding of climate change and their perception of its local impacts, the sense of risk, the local areas at risk, the willingness to propose mitigation and adaptation strategies, and the knowledge of regional procedures was analysed. Education played a crucial role in local understanding. The general perception was that the regional policies were insufficient to address climate change issues at the local level. This fact points out that the efforts to mitigate climate change impacts, and the public participation procedures for supporting policy-making, must be significantly increased and improved, in order to reach a real impact on local island communities.
- Digital sustainability communication in tourismPublication . Tiago, Flávio Borges; Gil, Artur José Freire; Stemberger, Sara; Tiago, Maria TeresaThe relevance of sustainable tourism is unquestionable. Tourism and hospitality firms worldwide are moving toward more sustainable product offerings. However, not all firms communicate their achievements and commitments in this area. This study assesses the sustainable digital communication of small and medium accommodation firms and relates that information to the sophistication of their online presence. For this purpose, data were retrieved from the websites of 759 accommodation firms located in the Azores (São Miguel Island), classified as a sustainable island destination. The results indicate that international accreditations are less commonly adopted than local accreditations and that smaller firms tend to value eco-labeling when promoting their offers online. It is also noticed that sustainable achievements are highlighted on more sophisticated websites. This is one of the first studies to explore online sustainability communication; more specifically, the link with website sophistication among tourism SMEs. It is hoped that this study will stimulate further research on communication and SME practices on tourism sustainability and improve policy efforts to promote wider adoption of sound practices.
- Embracing Nature-based Solutions to promote resilient marine and coastal ecosystemsPublication . O'Leary, Bethan C.; Fonseca, Catarina; Cornet, Cindy C.; de Vries, Mindert B.; Degia, A. Karima; Failler, Pierre; Furlan, Elisa; Garrabou, Joaquim; Gil, Artur José Freire; Hawkins, Julie P.; Krause-Jensen, Dorte; Le Roux, Xavier; Peck, Myron A.; Pérez, Géraldine; Queirós, Ana M.; Różyński, Grzegorz; Sanchez-Arcilla, Agustín; Simide, Rémy; Pinto, Isabel Sousa; Trégarot, Ewan; Roberts, Callum M.The world is struggling to limit greenhouse gas emissions and reduce the human footprint on nature. We therefore urgently need to think about how to achieve more with actions to address mounting challenges for human health and wellbeing from biodiversity loss, climate change effects, and unsustainable economic and social development. Nature-based Solutions (NBS) have emerged as a systemic approach and an important component of the response to these challenges. In marine and coastal spaces, NBS can contribute to improved environmental health, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and a more sustainable blue economy, if implemented to a high standard. However, NBS have been largely studied for terrestrial – particularly urban – systems, with limited uptake thus far in marine and coastal areas, despite an abundance of opportunities. Here, we provide explanations for this lag and propose the following three research priorities to advance marine and coastal NBS: (1) Improve understanding of marine and coastal biodiversity-ecosystem services relationships to support NBS better designed for rebuilding system resilience and achieving desired ecological outcomes under climate change; (2) Provide scientific guidance on how and where to implement marine and coastal NBS and better coordinate strategies and projects to facilitate their design, effectiveness, and value through innovative synergistic actions; (3) Develop ways to enhance marine and coastal NBS communication, collaboration, ocean literacy and stewardship to raise awareness, co-create solutions with stakeholders, boost public and policy buy-in, and potentially drive a more sustained investment. Research effort in these three areas will help practitioners, policy-makers and society embrace NBS for managing marine and coastal ecosystems for tangible benefits to people and marine life.
- Mapping and assessing land cover/land use and aboveground carbon stocks rapid changes in small oceanic islands' terrestrial ecosystems: A case study of Madeira Island, Portugal (2009–2011)Publication . Massetti, Andrea; Gil, Artur José FreireSmall islands face environmental issues directly or indirectly related to land cover/land use changes (LCLUC), such as natural hazards, climate change, loss of biodiversity and proliferation of invasive alien species, some of which are caused by direct human exploitation. A Land Cover/Land Use Change (LCLUC) detection approach based on PCA and vegetation indices derived from low cost high-resolution RapidEye multispectral satellite data and available vegetation maps was developed to assess vegetated/forested aboveground carbon stocks and their changes in Madeira Island, Portugal, for the period between December 2009 and August 2011 due to catastrophic events occurred in 2010. During this period, the identified LCLUC revealed a relevant decrease of vegetated areas (especially those dominated by native/endemic communities) substituted by increases of non-vegetated and human-managed vegetated/forested areas. In particular, there was a decrease of 2% of vegetated areas, 30% of which were represented by native/endemic vegetation. The largest and most accurate LCLUC detected were used to estimate changes in aboveground biomass carbon (AGC) stocks. In 2010 more than 25,000 Mg of AGC stocks may have been released. Both relevant LCLUC and AGC stocks depletion in such short period of time may have been strongly enhanced by two catastrophic events that affected Madeira in February (flashflood and landslides) and August 2010 (wildfires). This straightforward and cost-effective methodological approach may be successfully applied in remote territories such as islands or mountainous areas, where the logistic and economic costs associated to periodic and standard airborne remote sensing campaigns for mapping, assessing and monitoring aboveground biomass carbon stocks are generally unaffordable for most decision-makers and land managers in these territories.
- Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) on touristic trails of the native forests of the Azores (Portugal)Publication . Carvalho, Rui; Cardoso, Pedro; Gil, Artur José Freire; Ferreira, Maria Teresa; Ramos, Cândida; Lamelas-López, Lucas; Pereira, Fernando; Malumbres-Olarte, Jagoba; Ros-Prieto, A.; Boieiro, Mário; Borges, Paulo A. V.In the Azores, as in many other temperate, semi-tropical and tropical islands, historical patterns of habitat loss have typically resulted in lowland clearance, meaning that the last remnants of the pre-human pristine forest that covered the major parts of oceanic islands are in the mountain areas (Gaspar et al. 2011). The communities of these mountain forests are of critical importance for the protection of current island biodiversity since they are home to many Azorean endemic species (Borges et al. 2017, Borges et al. 2018, Malumbres-Olarte et al. 2019) and provide a variety of ecosystem services (e.g. water storage, erosion control, pollination, pest-control, food supply, recreation and tourism), contributing to the local economy and welfare (Fernandez-Palacios et al. 2017). The recent increase in recreational tourist activities in native habitats of the Azores (SREA 2018) raises concerns about the use of trails being a threat to the already imperilled native forest biodiversity. Hiking trails in particular have been found to be promoting the spread of invasive plants (Barros and Pickering 2014), which may cause adverse cascading effects on arthropods. The spider communities of the Azores are exceptionally well known due to ongoing inventorying and monitoring projects carried out since 1999 (Borges et al. 2016, Emerson et al. 2017, Malumbres-Olarte et al. 2019). The protocol used in NETBIOME ISLANDBIODIV and in this project is part of a long term monitoring proposal for oceanic islands (Borges et al. 2018).