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- Integrating plot-based methods for monitoring biodiversity in island habitats under the scope of BIODIVERSA+ project BioMonI: Beetle monitoring in Pico and Terceira IslandsPublication . Borges, P.A.V.; Dal Lago, Alexandra; Amorim do Rosário, Isabel; Carvalho, Rui; Crespo, Luís Carlos; Nunes, Rui; Pereira, Fernando; Rego, Carla; Gabriel, Rosalina; Rigal, François; Cardoso, Pedro; Guerrero-Ramírez, NathalyOceanic island native forests have become highly fragmented and yet host a disproportionate share of endemic arthropod diversity. Long-term monitoring and conservation planning are often limited by the scarcity of standardised, plot-based datasets for key indicator taxonomic groups, such as the megadiverse beetles (Coleoptera). Under the scope of the projects EU-NETBIOME grant 0003/2011, FCT MACDIV – FCT-PTDC/BIABIC/0054/2014 and BIODIVERSA+ funded BioMonI, we compile and mobilise a baseline dataset of forest beetles from the Azores using a network of 16 permanent 50 m × 50 m native-forest plots (Pico: 6 plots; Terceira: 10 plots). Beetles were sampled with an optimised COBRA (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment) protocol complemented by beetle-targeted sampling techiques (under-bark/epiphyte and coarse woody debris/ground refugia searches), enabling repeatable and comparable monitoring across islands and through time.
- The biogeography of evolutionary radiations on oceanic archipelagosPublication . Brée, Baptiste; Matthews, Thomas; Fernández-Palacios, José María; Paroissin, Christian; Triantis, Kostas; Whittaker, Robert; Rigal, FrançoisEvolutionary radiations on oceanic archipelagos (ROAs) have long served as models for understanding evolutionary and ecological processes underlying species diversification. Yet, diversity patterns emerging from ROAs have received relatively little attention from biogeographers, even though characterizing the effect of key geo-environmental factors on island clade species could be important for unraveling diversification dynamics. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis using island-specific species richness values for approximately one hundred ROAs across major oceanic archipelagos (mostly Hawaii, Canary Islands, Galápagos and Fiji) and taxa (vascular plants, invertebrates and vertebrates). Our aim was to determine whether (1) ROA species richness patterns scale as a function of key geo-environmental factors including island area, geological age, environmental heterogeneity (elevation and topographic complexity) and inter-island isolation, and (2) whether the magnitude of the effects of these factors varies across archipelagos and taxa. Our results identified elevation as a key driver of ROA species richness patterns on islands, supporting existing theoretical and empirical work that highlighted the central role of environmental heterogeneity in driving diversification on oceanic islands. As importantly, we found that the influence of geo-environmental factors varies across archipelagos and taxa, suggesting that unique archipelagic dynamics and biological traits together shape diversification differently. Our findings emphasize the value of applying biogeographical modeling at the resolution of individual radiations to improve our understanding of evolutionary processes on oceanic archipelagos.
- Global extinction risk assessment of soil-dependent species: recent progress and recommendationsPublication . Cox, Neil; Westrip, James; Bowles, Philip; Hilton-Taylor, Craig; Hochkirch, Axel; Jenkins, Richard; Mueller, Gregory; Borges, P.A.V.; Briones, Maria; Canteiro, Cátia; Chaudhary, V. Bala; Farfan, Monica; Feitosa, Rodrigo; Guerra, Carlos; Gongalsky, Konstantin; Henriques. Sergio; LaPolla, John; Leandro, Camila; Lindo, Zoe; Manley, Bethan; Numa, Catherine; Ozman-Sullivan, Sebahat; Parnell, J. Jacob; Potapov, Anton; Sánchez, Alberto; Schwarzfeld, Marla; Silva-Flores, Patricia; Sullivan, Gregory; Tsiafouli, Maria; Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando; Vilonen, Leena; Zaitsev, AndreySoil biodiversity is crucial to the maintenance of multiple critical ecosystem functions and services. However, remarkably little is known about the conservation status of most soil-dependent species. To better understand the current situation, we determined the number of soil-dependent species listed in the various categories of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Firstly, a definition of soil-dependent species was developed for IUCN Red List purposes, and this definition facilitated the identification of 8,653 currently listed soil-dependent species. These species included 503 invertebrate and fungal species assessed during the current study; these species were chosen as they were based on priorities for the Red List Strategic Plan, and IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) Specialist Group interests. We discuss progress and constraints on the IUCN Red List assessment of soil-dependent species worldwide. Our recommendations for the IUCN SSC to improve the IUCN Red List as a source of information on conservation of soil-dependent species are: (1) scaling up of SSC assessment processes for soil-dependent invertebrates and fungi, including establishment of a Soil Biota Working Group, in line with the IUCN Red List Strategic Plan; (2) building closer connections with other organizations and agencies researching and monitoring soil biodiversity; and (3) broader engagement with and education of governments, landholders and the public as to the fundamental importance of the conservation of global soil biodiversity.
- Divergent temporal dynamics of native and non-native insular arthropods in fragmented forestsPublication . Zhang, Yiheng; Borges, P.A.V.; Lhoumeau, Sébastien Georges André; Matthews, Thomas; Liao, Jinbao; Dyer, LeeNon-native species introductions have caused biodiversity loss worldwide, yetit is unclear how temporal diversity patterns vary across native and non-nativecommunities, and what mechanisms control their respective dynamics andassembly. Using a unique 12-year time series dataset of arthropods sampled inforest fragments on Terceira Island, we observed no systematic species lossesbut steady temporal β-diversity (Sørensen dissimilarity based on speciespresence–absence) for non-native, native endemic, and native non-endemicassemblages. However, native endemics and non-endemics showed an overallincreasing trend in Bray–Curtis dissimilarity (incorporating speciesabundances), with many previously abundant native species becomingprogressively rarer. By constructing neutral models, we accurately predictedtemporal diversity patterns for non-natives but not for native endemics andnon-endemics, displaying their divergent temporal dynamics. These resultsindicate that non-native assemblages are more consistent with stochasticsource-sink mass effect dynamics, while neutral drift interacting withnon-natives and/or environmental changes might drive native assemblagedynamics.
- Seasonal variation of dung-associated arthropods in cattle pastures of Terceira Island (Azores): a year-round, event-based datasetPublication . Wallon, Sophie; Leite, Abrão; Duenas-Rojas, Almudena; Cuesta, Eva; Coelho dos Santos, Ana Margarida; Lhoumeau, Sébastien Georges André; Borges, P.A.V.; Soares, AntónioDung-associated arthropods, particularly dung beetles (Scarabaeidae), together with rove beetles (Staphylinidae) and water scavenger beetles (Hydrophilidae), support key ecosystem functions in cattle-grazed landscapes, including dung removal, nutrient cycling, soil aeration and pest suppression. Their activity is strongly seasonal in temperate systems, driven by temperature and moisture and can be further reshaped by pasture management (e.g. changes in grazing regimes and dung availability). Oceanic islands add an important perspective because species pools are typically smaller and often dominated by introduced taxa, potentially altering phenology and dominance patterns across the year. However, year-round, standardised, event-based datasets for dung-associated arthropod assemblages remain scarce for oceanic islands, limiting robust comparisons amongst guilds, sites and management regimes and reducing our ability to benchmark seasonal windows of activity under climate variability and land-use change.
- Metagenomic survey of fungal communities in compost from dairy plant wastewater sludge and garden trimmingsPublication . Monjardino, Paulo; Azevedo, Ana Rita; Mendonça, Duarte; Pozsgai, Gabor; Borges, P.A.V.; Frias, Jorge; Toubarro, Duarte; Jiang, NingComposting converts organic residues into stable organic matter and nutrients under aerobic conditions, improving soil properties and microbiome balance, while mitigating environmental impacts. Although microbiomes of various compost types have been studied, information is still fragmented and often not tailored to specific raw material combinations. In particular, little is known about the fungal communities involved in composting dairy plant wastewater sludge mixed with garden trimmings. This data paper contributes to filling that gap by providing a comprehensive taxonomic inventory.
- Climate Change Can Generate Enemy-Free Space for Crop-Feeding HerbivoresPublication . Wyckhuys, Kris; Pozsgai, Gabor; Finch, Elizabeth; Seehausen, M. Lukas; Zhang, Wei; Gc, YubakABSTARCT: Crop-feeding herbivores reduce the world's food output by approximately 20% and climate change (CC) is bound to deepen those losses. Endemic or introduced consumer organisms (i.e., biological control agents) naturally regulate herbivore populations and secure a quarter of crop yields, but are exceptionally susceptible to CC-related disturbances. Here, we use niche modeling for 14 globally-important herbivores (or pests) to forecast how richness of the associated biological control agents of each pest—as a proxy of service strength—may alter under a CC-driven range expansion. Results show that 57%–100% of pests are bound to lose parasitoid and predator associates. The cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti may experience a 27% decline in parasitoid pressure, whereas cosmopolitan pests of cereal and horticultural crops benefit from 6% to 7% drops in predator pressure. Such ‘enemy release’ can possibly exacerbate pest-induced yield losses and threaten future harvests. Ant-pest associations change in both directions, implying that pests may either face strengthened or weakened biological control. For pests spreading towards or within food-deficit regions in the equatorial belt, parasitoid declines and increases in ant pressure are most pronounced. By exposing the fragility of biodiversity-based ecological safeguards in farmland, our work calls for urgent, integrative, and nature-friendly solutions to uphold food security under environmental change.
- MOVECLIM–AZORES: plot based vascular plant cover along elevational gradients (2013)Publication . Andrade, Rui; Gabriel, Rosalina; Borges, P.A.V.; Pires Bento da Silva Elias, Rui Miguel; Guerrero-Ramírez, NathalyABSTRACT: In the scope of the MOVECLIM project, in 2013, we surveyed vascular plants and their ground cover in native or better-preserved vegetation patches, following an elevational transect, on four Azorean islands (São Miguel, Terceira, Pico and Flores). Using a standardised, plot-based protocol, permanent 10 m × 10 m plots were established at approximately 200 m elevation steps, each plot subdivided into four 5 m × 5 m subplots. All vascular taxa were recorded per subplot and cover was assigned using the Braun-Blanquet Ordinal Transform Value (OTV), a scale based on a geometric series, that assigns a numeric value (1–9) to each Braun–Blanquet category.
- Monitoring of potential invasive arthropod species in Azores Islands (Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Terceira, São Miguel and Santa Maria): The PRIBES ProjectPublication . Leite, Abrão; Canelas Boieiro, Mário Rui; Costa Miranda Soares, António Onofre; Ros Prieto, Alejandra; Costa, Ricardo; Pozsgai, Gabor; Oyarzabal da Silva, Guilherme; Coelho Teixeira, Mário; Calado, Hugo Renato; Lago, Alexandra; Vounatsi, Martha; Gabriel, Rosalina; Wallon, Sophie; Crespo, Luís Carlos; Gil de Gómez, Juan; Henriques Alves Ferreira, Maria Teresa; Lhoumeau, Sébastien Georges André; Borges, P.A.V.; Ruzzier, EnricoABSTRACT: Arthropods provide essential ecosystem services, yet multiple lines of evidence indicate widespread declines driven by habitat loss (degradation, fragmentation and reduction), biological invasions and climate change. Oceanic islands are particularly vulnerable to invasive alien species because of their isolation, small area and sensitivity to novel predators, competitors and pathogens. In the Azores, historical land-use change has greatly reduced native forest cover, while long-term monitoring indicates that introduced arthropod diversity is increasing even where total richness appears stable. However, ruderal coastal habitats (i.e. transitional, frequently disturbed environments often dominated by opportunistic exotic plants) remain comparatively under-sampled and may function as early “gateways” for new arthropod introductions. The PRIBES project intends to contribute to "The Regional Strategy for the Management of Terrestrial and Freshwater Exotic and Invasive Species in the Azores" (PRIBES-LIFE-IP- Estratégia regional para o controlo e prevenção de espécies exóticas invasoras - no âmbito do projeto LIFE IP AZORES NATURA, LIFE17 IPE/PT/000010). The PRIBES project addresses this gap by surveying arthropod assemblages associated with vascular plants in disturbed coastal ruderal habitats across multiple Azorean islands (Corvo, Flores, Faial, Pico, Terceira, São Miguel and Santa Maria) using a standardised time-based plant beating protocol, enabling comparisons of richness and colonisation status (endemic, native or exotic) amongst islands and vegetation contexts.
- New occurrence data of bryophytes and lichens from São Jorge Island (Azores, Macaronesia)Publication . Silveira, Gabriela; Gabriel, Rosalina; Elias, RuiABSTRACT: The Azorean Archipelago hosts an exceptionally rich cryptogamic flora, although several islands remain comparatively understudied. To address this gap, the present study presents records of bryophytes and lichens from São Jorge Island (SJO), based on opportunistic collections made during a MOVECLIM – Azores project expedition, from 29 July to 2 August 2014. Sampling was based on direct observation of noteworthy specimens and targeted areas with high substrate diversity and species richness. All collected material was subsequently examined and identified to species or subspecies level. Overall, the study aimed to: (i) document bryophyte and lichen species richness across major habitats; (ii) identify environmental drivers of species distribution; and (iii) increase the AZU Herbarium collection.