CEEAplA Working Paper Series 2005
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- The Miranda Right to silence in criminal trial : an economic analysisPublication . Lang, GüntherThis paper analyzes the strategic implications for criminal trial of the existence of the famous Miranda Right to Silence in U.S. law doctrine. The right confers to the defendant the privilege that, in the context of a signalling game, i. e. the trial, no adverse conclusions may be drawn from his exercise of the right. It is shown that Miranda reduces wrongful confessions and convictions, at the price, however, of setting free guilty defendants as well. The rate of silence is affected only when confidence for the respect of the right is perfect; otherwise guilty defendants prefer to pool with innocent ones at declaring themselves innocent.
- Education, over-education and wage inequality : evidence for SpainPublication . Budría, Santiago; Moro Egido, AnaIn this paper we use the European Community Household Panel to explore the connection between education, over-education, and wage-inequality in Spain for the period 1994-2001. Our central approach is based on quantile regression. We find that higher education is associated with higher wage dispersion. This indicates that an educational expansion towards higher education is expected, criteris paribus, to increase overall wage inequality. We find that over-education contributes to enlarge wage differentials within university graduates, still, over-education itself can not account for the positive association between higher education and wage dispersion. Finally, we show that over the last wage distribution of over-educated workers with university education became more dispersed. This process, together with an increasing proportion of over-educated workers, contributed to raise overall wage inequality through the within dimension.
- The right to remain silent in roman-type law doctrine : an economic perspectivePublication . Lang, GüntherThis paper analyzes the strategic implications of the existence of the right to silence in criminal trial in the context of Roman law doctrine. The right confers to the defendant the privilege that, in the context of a signalling game, i. e. the trial, no adverse conclusions may be drawn from his exercise of the right. It is shown that respect for the right to silence does not have significant strategic consequences. In particular, no influence on conviction rates exists, neither rightful nor wrongful ones.
- Returns to schooling in a dynamic modelPublication . Andini, CorradoThe paper develops a dynamic approach to Mincer equations. It is shown that a static model is based on the restrictive hypotheses that the total return to schooling is constant over the working life and independent of bargaining issues. A dynamic approach allows to show that the total return to schooling of a new labor-market entrant positively depends on his/her bargaining power as employee; the total return increases at a decreasing rate in the first part of the working life and depends of bargaining issues; afterwards it becomes roughly constant and independent of bargaining. The main implication is that a static model may produce distorted empirical results when using data on young workers since unable to account for the pattern of the total return to schooling in the first part of the working life. I show the latter using data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1980-1987) and analyzing the impact of education on within-group wage inequality a la Martins and Pereira (2004a). However, a static model does not produce distorted empirical results when using data on relatively experienced workers. I show the latter using Portuguese data from the European Community Household Panel (1994-2001).
- Medidas de disponibilidade a pagar por atributos de voos comerciais : uma aplicação do modelo de McFadden ao corredor aéreo Ponta Delgada – TerceiraPublication . Vieira, José Cabral; Menezes, António Gomes deEste trabalho analisa as preferências dos consumidores do serviço de transporte aéreo entre São Miguel e Terceira: o mais importante corredor aéreo nos Açores. Dada a forte regulação histórica e actual que caracteriza este serviço, não há dados do tipo preferências reveladas. Contudo, o conhecimento das preferências dos consumidores é incontornável na implementação de políticas que promovam o bem-estar social. Assim, realizou-se um stated preferences choice game conducente à estimação dum modelo microeconométrico do tipo McFadden (1974): logit condicional. Os resultados estimados são estatisticamente significativos e revelam medidas de disponibilidade a pagar economicamente elevadas por atributos como garantia de pontualidade e penalidades por alterações nas passagens. A disponibilidade a pagar por mais um voo diário é deveras baixa. Este último resultado é importante no debate se este mercado é um monopólio natural.
- Equalization effects of local financing models in PortugalPublication . Fortuna, Mário; Vieira, José Cabral; Mendes, MargaridaOne objective frequently found in models of decentralized financing is that of equalization. The concern is that poorer jurisdictions receive enough resources for basic services and for development promotion, thus eliminating horizontal and vertical imbalances. In Portugal, decentralization has occurred at two levels: the local, for the whole country and the regional for the autonomous regions of the Azores and Madeira. Decentralization to local governments has undergone several changes in recent decades. The current paper focuses on testing for the presence of an equalization effect in the models adopted to finance municipalities in Portugal, since the nineteen nineties. Using the theoretical background that maintains that for the presence of an equalizing effect it is necessary that, on a per capita basis, poorer regions or localities receive relatively more transfers than the richer jurisdictions, a test is made using a data set that includes all municipalities of Portugal. The situation of the two autonomous regions is controlled with dummy variables. The hypothesis that the models used have an equalizing effect is tested through the sign of the coefficient of the regression of per capita transfers on per capita own resources. In the presence of an equalizing effect the sign will be significant and negative. It is confirmed that, for the period under analysis, the municipalities with lower per capita own revenues are those that receive more transfers per capita. There is, therefore, an equalizing effect in the current transfer system to municipalities. Using pooled data, one can also conclude that the equalization effect has become stronger with the 1998 and 2002 reviews of the system, when compared to the system in effect in 1991.
- Metodologia para avaliar as atitudes face ao ambientePublication . Gabriel, Rosalina; Silva, EmilianaNeste trabalho apresentam-se algumas metodologias utilizadas para estimar as atitudes da população face ao ambiente, nomeadamente as que se referem ao Novo Paradigma Ambiental (NPA). Apresentam-se ainda os resultados de um inquérito piloto acerca das atitudes ambientais, efectuado em Julho de 2004 a 47 habitantes da freguesia da Terra Chã (Ilha Terceira, Açores). Este inquérito usa a escala original do Novo Paradigma Ambiental e inclui ainda questões relacionadas com recursos hídricos, resíduos sólidos e biodiversidade. A escala utilizada parece ser fiável (alfa de Cronbach = 0.75) e a análise de agrupamentos de Ward mostra que os items da escala do NPA relativos à conservação e ao equilíbrio da natureza formam grupos coerentes, tal como tem sido mostrado noutros estudos. Os resultados do inquérito mostram que a maioria da população inquirida se insere dentro dos valores do NPA, sobretudo os mais jovens e com maior nível de escolaridade.
- An azorean dairy farms typologyPublication . Silva, Emiliana; Barbel, JulioThe objective of this paper was to define types of Azorean farms from a panel data of 174 farms of The European database of Farm Accountancy Data Network of the Azores, Portugal. This study used cluster analysis, the Ward method. The results, allowed the identification of three types of grazing systems of dairy farms as follows: 1) extensive grazing systems (less than smaller 1.4 cows per hectare); 2) moderate intensive grazing system (1.4 to 2.4 cows per hectare); and 3) intensive grazing system (more than 2.4 cows per hectare).