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Impacto de uma intervenção educativa sobre resíduos sólidos urbanos no município de Namibe : contributos para a elaboração de um modelo de educação ambiental
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Abstract(s)
A produção de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) é uma consequência inevitável da forma como o Homem se tem relacionado com a natureza. Todavia o maior ou menor grau de poluição por eles originados, deve-se sobretudo a deficiência da sua gestão, o que sucede em muitas comunidades, nomeadamente aquelas onde pretendemos intervir. De facto, a falta de sensibilização, planeamento, gestão e intervenção são preocupantes no município do Namibe, uma zona com características desérticas, situada no sudoeste de Angola. A educação dos jovens é um dos primeiros passos para a sensibilização da população, já que estes podem intervir para promover o bem-estar das comunidades e auxiliar na mitigação do problema. Sendo assim, os objectivos deste trabalho incluem: (1) a realização de intervenções de Educação Ambiental no âmbito dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos que permitam enriquecer, simultaneamente, o currículo escolar com a exploração de temas transversais e promover uma cidadania ativa junto de 70 alunos da 7ª classe do I Ciclo do Ensino Secundário em duas escolas da cidade do Namibe (Escola 1º de Maio e Escola São João Paulo II), bem como junto dos seus pais e encarregados de educação; (2) a avaliação dos resultados e dos impactos dessa intervenção educativa; e (3) conceber um modelo de promoção de Educação Ambiental na Escola para o Município do Namibe, promovendo o interesse e participação das comunidades em acções concretas. A metodologia utilizada incluiu uma avaliação diagnóstica (inquéritos por questionário em Março de 2015), a intervenção educativa propriamente dita, teve a duração de oito meses (32 h de aulas teóricas e 48 h de trabalhos nos jardins, sanidade da escola, uso racional da água, deposição e recolha dos resíduos) e finalmente uma recolha de dados finais (inquérito por questionário em Abril de 2016). Além dos questionários foram ainda obtidos desenhos sobre o ambiente e foi feita uma avaliação de comportamentos, como a recolha de pilhas usadas. Os pais e encarregados de educação (PEE) também foram inquiridos, no final da intervenção. Os resultados mostram que as crianças têm perspectivas mais negativas de ambiente do que os seus PEE, valorizando mais os resíduos e a higiene. Todos reconhecem a existência de um problema ambiental relacionado com os resíduos sólidos no bairro Forte de Santa Rita, onde residem. A maioria das crianças afirma caminhar em média 20 minutos para se descartar dos resíduos sólidos produzidos pela família, embora os PEE estimem valores ainda mais elevados. As crianças envolveram-se seriamente no concurso “Vamos separar pilhas”, coligindo centenas de pilhas junto dos seus agregados familiares e amigos. As crianças defendem a separação de RSU sobretudo para poder viver num local organizado e limpo, evitar doenças e para melhoria do ambiente. As crianças responsabilizavam sobretudo a Administração Comunal e a Administração Municipal pela correcta gestão dos RSU, mas após a intervenção educativa essa responsabilidade passou a ser assumida por “todos”, opinião partilhada pelos PEE. Também após a intervenção, a maioria das crianças acha possível acabar com as lixeiras no município do Namibe, o que não acontecia antes. A avaliação desta intervenção educativa possibilitou maior sensibilização e informação dos alunos e seus pais (como previsto), sensibilização dos professores e corpos gerentes das escolas (efeito adicional) e também estimulou a recolha e separação de pilhas. Esta atividade enriqueceu o currículo escolar, produziu alterações nos conhecimentos e opiniões dos alunos e sensibilizou os seus pais e encarregados de educação, bem como os professores. Os alunos e os seus PEE atribuem grande importância à disciplina de Educação Ambiental, porque educa o homem a gostar e cuidar do ambiente, com vista à sua preservação e ao desenvolvimento da qualidade de vida, maior organização e salubridade no município. Por outro lado, a existência da disciplina de Educação Ambiental é valorizada porque tem como objectivo ensinar a conhecer mais o ambiente, ser higiénico, preparar o futuro, não permitindo que esta geração cometa os mesmos erros que a do passado o que ajudará o homem a viver num clima apropriado com água à disposição e boa alimentação. Em função da relevância atribuída à disciplina de Educação Ambiental e dos resultados obtidos neste estudo é suportado um modelo interdisciplinar para a sua lecionação, em vez do actual modelo multidisciplinar. As mudanças de atitudes por parte dos alunos, pais e encarregados de educação, bem como dos professores devem ser trabalhadas nas famílias, escolas e outros sectores da sociedade. O Governo deve evidenciar mais esforços no sentido de minimizar os problemas na gestão do tratamento dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos, bem como na conservação e preservação do meio ambiente para permitir que as escolas e cidades tenham um saneamento básico regular.
ABSTRACT: The production of Urban Solid Waste (USW) is an unavoidable consequence of the way in which Man is related to nature. However, the greater or lesser degree of pollution caused by them is due mainly to the deficiency of their management, which happens in many communities, especially those where we intend to intervene. In fact, the lack of awareness, planning, management and intervention are of concern in the Namibe municipality, an area with desert characteristics, located in the southwest of Angola. Youth education is one of the first steps to raise awareness among the population, since they can intervene to promote the well-being of communities and help to mitigate the problem. Thus, the objectives of this work include: (1) the implementation of Environmental Education interventions in the Urban Solid Waste area, which simultaneously enrich the school curriculum with the exploration of cross-cutting themes and promote active citizenship among the 70 students from 7th grade of the I Secondary School in two schools in the city of Namibe (“Escola 1º de Maio” and “Escola São João Paulo II”), as well as with their parents and caregivers; (2) evaluation of the results and impacts of this educational intervention; and (3) design a model to promote Environmental Education in Schools of the Namibe unicipality, promoting the interest and participation of communities in concrete actions. The methodology used included a diagnostic evaluation (surveys by questionnaire applied in March 2015), the educational intervention itself, which lasted eight months (32 hours of theoretical classes and 48 hours of work in the gardens, school sanitation, rational use of water collection and garbage collection) and finally a final data evaluation (survey by questionnaire applied in April 2016). In addition to the questionnaires, there were also obtained drawings portraying the environment and a behavioural evaluation regarding the collection of used batteries. Parents and guardians (PEE) were also surveyed at the end of the intervention. The results show that children have environmental perspectives that are more negative than their PEE, addressing more “waste” and “hygiene”. They all recognize the existence of an environmental problem related to solid waste in the neighbourhood of “Forte de Santa Rita”, where they live. Most children report walking an average of 20 minutes to dispose of solid waste produced by their families, although their PEE estimate even higher times. The children were seriously involved in the "Let's separate batteries" contest, collecting hundreds of used batteries from their friends and families. The children defend the separation of USW mainly to be able to live in an organized and clean place, to avoid diseases and to improve the environment. The children mainly held the Communal Administration and the Municipal Administration responsible for the management of the USW, but after the educational intervention this responsibility was assumed by "everyone", an opinion shared by their PEE. Also after the intervention, most children find it possible to end the illegal dumps in the Namibe municipality, which had not happened before. The evaluation of this educational intervention increased the awareness and information of the students and their parents (as expected), the sensitization of teachers and school management bodies (additional effect) and also stimulated the collection and separation of batteries. This activity enriched the school curriculum, produced changes in students' knowledge and opinions, and sensitized parents and guardians as well as teachers. The students and their PEE attach great importance to the discipline of Environmental Education, because it educates people to like and care for the environment, with a view to its preservation and the development of the quality of life, greater organization and salubrity. On the other hand, the existence of the Environmental Education discipline is valued because it aims to teach all to know more about the environment, to be hygienic, to prepare the future, not allowing this generation to make the same mistakes as the past ones, which will help people to live in a good environment, with water available and good food. Due to the importance attributed to the Environmental Education discipline and the results obtained in this study, an interdisciplinary model for its teaching is supported, instead of the current multidisciplinary model. Changes in attitudes on the part of students, parents and guardians as well as teachers should be worked on in families, schools and other sectors of society. The Government should highlight further efforts to minimize problems in the management of urban solid waste treatment as well as conservation and preservation of the environment to enable schools and cities to have regular sanitation.
ABSTRACT: The production of Urban Solid Waste (USW) is an unavoidable consequence of the way in which Man is related to nature. However, the greater or lesser degree of pollution caused by them is due mainly to the deficiency of their management, which happens in many communities, especially those where we intend to intervene. In fact, the lack of awareness, planning, management and intervention are of concern in the Namibe municipality, an area with desert characteristics, located in the southwest of Angola. Youth education is one of the first steps to raise awareness among the population, since they can intervene to promote the well-being of communities and help to mitigate the problem. Thus, the objectives of this work include: (1) the implementation of Environmental Education interventions in the Urban Solid Waste area, which simultaneously enrich the school curriculum with the exploration of cross-cutting themes and promote active citizenship among the 70 students from 7th grade of the I Secondary School in two schools in the city of Namibe (“Escola 1º de Maio” and “Escola São João Paulo II”), as well as with their parents and caregivers; (2) evaluation of the results and impacts of this educational intervention; and (3) design a model to promote Environmental Education in Schools of the Namibe unicipality, promoting the interest and participation of communities in concrete actions. The methodology used included a diagnostic evaluation (surveys by questionnaire applied in March 2015), the educational intervention itself, which lasted eight months (32 hours of theoretical classes and 48 hours of work in the gardens, school sanitation, rational use of water collection and garbage collection) and finally a final data evaluation (survey by questionnaire applied in April 2016). In addition to the questionnaires, there were also obtained drawings portraying the environment and a behavioural evaluation regarding the collection of used batteries. Parents and guardians (PEE) were also surveyed at the end of the intervention. The results show that children have environmental perspectives that are more negative than their PEE, addressing more “waste” and “hygiene”. They all recognize the existence of an environmental problem related to solid waste in the neighbourhood of “Forte de Santa Rita”, where they live. Most children report walking an average of 20 minutes to dispose of solid waste produced by their families, although their PEE estimate even higher times. The children were seriously involved in the "Let's separate batteries" contest, collecting hundreds of used batteries from their friends and families. The children defend the separation of USW mainly to be able to live in an organized and clean place, to avoid diseases and to improve the environment. The children mainly held the Communal Administration and the Municipal Administration responsible for the management of the USW, but after the educational intervention this responsibility was assumed by "everyone", an opinion shared by their PEE. Also after the intervention, most children find it possible to end the illegal dumps in the Namibe municipality, which had not happened before. The evaluation of this educational intervention increased the awareness and information of the students and their parents (as expected), the sensitization of teachers and school management bodies (additional effect) and also stimulated the collection and separation of batteries. This activity enriched the school curriculum, produced changes in students' knowledge and opinions, and sensitized parents and guardians as well as teachers. The students and their PEE attach great importance to the discipline of Environmental Education, because it educates people to like and care for the environment, with a view to its preservation and the development of the quality of life, greater organization and salubrity. On the other hand, the existence of the Environmental Education discipline is valued because it aims to teach all to know more about the environment, to be hygienic, to prepare the future, not allowing this generation to make the same mistakes as the past ones, which will help people to live in a good environment, with water available and good food. Due to the importance attributed to the Environmental Education discipline and the results obtained in this study, an interdisciplinary model for its teaching is supported, instead of the current multidisciplinary model. Changes in attitudes on the part of students, parents and guardians as well as teachers should be worked on in families, schools and other sectors of society. The Government should highlight further efforts to minimize problems in the management of urban solid waste treatment as well as conservation and preservation of the environment to enable schools and cities to have regular sanitation.
Description
Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão e Conservação da Natureza, 23 de outubro de 2018, Universidade dos Açores.
Keywords
Criança Educação Ambiental Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) Namibe (Angola) Children Environmental Education Urban Solids Waste
Citation
Culo, Job Moniz da Silva. "Impacto de uma intervenção educativa sobre resíduos sólidos urbanos no município de Namibe: contributos para a elaboração de um modelo de educação ambiental". 2018. 147 p.. (Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão e Conservação da Natureza). Angra do Heroísmo: Universidade dos Açores, 2017. [Consult. Dia Mês Ano]. Disponível em www:<http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/5015>.