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- Towards evidence‐based conservation of subterranean ecosystemsPublication . Mammola, Stefano; Meierhofer, Melissa B.; Borges, Paulo A. V.; Colado, Raquel; Culver, David C.; Deharveng, Louis; Delić, Teo; Di Lorenzo, Tiziana; Dražina, Tvrtko; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes; Fiasca, Barbara; Fišer, Cene; Galassi, Diana M. P.; Garzoli, Laura; Gerovasileiou, Vasilis; Griebler, Christian; Halse, Stuart; Howarth, Francis G.; Isaia, Marco; Johnson, Joseph S.; Komerički, Ana; Martínez, Alejandro; Milano, Filippo; Moldovan, Oana T.; Nanni, Veronica; Nicolosi, Giuseppe; Niemiller, Matthew L.; Pallarés, Susana; Pavlek, Martina; Piano, Elena; Pipan, Tanja; Sanchez‐Fernandez, David; Santangeli, Andrea; Schmidt, Susanne I.; Wynne, J. Judson; Zagmajster, Maja; Zakšek, Valerija; Cardoso, PedroSubterranean ecosystems are among the most widespread environments on Earth, yet we still have poor knowledge of their biodiversity. To raise awareness of subterranean ecosystems, the essential services they provide, and their unique conservation challenges, 2021 and 2022 were designated International Years of Caves and Karst. As these ecosystems have traditionally been overlooked in global conservation agendas and multilateral agreements, a quantitative assessment of solution-based approaches to safeguard subterranean biota and associated habitats is timely. This assessment allows researchers and practitioners to understand the progress made and research needs in subterranean ecology and management. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature focused on subterranean ecosystems globally (terrestrial, freshwater, and saltwater systems), to quantify the available evidence-base for the effectiveness of conservation interventions. We selected 708 publications from the years 1964 to 2021 that discussed, recommended, or implemented 1,954 conservation interventions in subterranean ecosystems. We noted a steep increase in the number of studies from the 2000s while, surprisingly, the proportion of studies quantifying the impact of conservation interventions has steadily and significantly decreased in recent years. The effectiveness of 31% of conservation interventions has been tested statistically. We further highlight that 64% of the reported research occurred in the Palearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions. Assessments of the effectiveness of conservation interventions were heavily biased towards indirect measures (monitoring and risk assessment), a limited sample of organisms (mostly arthropods and bats), and more accessible systems (terrestrial caves). Our results indicate that most conservation science in the field of subterranean biology does not apply a rigorous quantitative approach, resulting in sparse evidence for the effectiveness of interventions. This raises the important question of how to make conservation efforts more feasible to implement, cost-effective, and long-lasting. Although there is no single remedy, we propose a suite of potential solutions to focus our efforts better towards increasing statistical testing and stress the importance of standardising study reporting to facilitate meta-analytical exercises. We also provide a database summarising the available literature, which will help to build quantitative knowledge about interventions likely to yield the greatest impacts depending upon the subterranean species and habitats of interest. We view this as a starting point to shift away from the widespread tendency of recommending conservation interventions based on anecdotal and expert-based information rather than scientific evidence, without quantitatively testing their effectiveness.
- First record of the starfish Goniaster tesselatus at Madeira IslandPublication . Wirtz, Peter; Machado, JorgeNumerous new records of marine species have been made at Madeira Island in recent years (e. g. Ramalhosa et al. 2014, 2017, Wirtz 2020 a, Wirtz & Araujo 2021). Some of these species appear to have extended their range northwards (e. g. Wirtz & Berenger 2017, Schäfer et al. 2019, Wirtz 2021), possibly due to global warming (Siemer et al. 2021). Eleven shallow-water starfish species are known from Madeira Island (Wirtz 2020 b). We report here on one more species previous, unrecorded for Madeiran waters.
- Capacidade de carga de praias. Conceitos, reflexões e desafiosPublication . Silva, Carlos P.; Fonseca, CatarinaOs sistemas litorais são naturalmente sensíveis, susceptíveis a impactos negativos derivados de ações antrópicas que podem gerar mudanças irreversíveis. No entanto, as atividades humanas nessas áreas revestem-se de grande importância econômica, como o turismo balnear. Desde os anos 1960, com a massificação do turismo, as praias são espaços eleitos para o recreio e lazer, emergindo daí problemas de ordenamento e gestão. Por outro lado, o número crescente de usuários de praias torna-se também mais exigente, fazendo que a sua percepção e avaliação seja um elemento central para a gestão desses espaços. É assim importante que o seu planejamento vá também ao encontro das expectativas dos usuários, emergindo o conceito de capacidade de carga como aspecto importante para tal. De forma simplificada, a capacidade de carga de uma praia pode ser entendida como a relação entre a área disponível e o seu nível de ocupação. No entanto, existem diversos outros fatores que devem ser considerados na avaliação da capacidade de carga.
- indecision so charged with promise : Bergsonian images of life and childhoodPublication . Costa Carvalho, MagdaIn a passage in his Évolution Créatrice, Bergson reclaims the image of the child to argue that living nature works through divergent tendencies. Although Bergson’s work doesn’t focus specifically on education, it does contain references that, on the one hand, reclaim the creative and creating feature of childhood, while on the other hand accentuating the childlike nature of élan vital’s movements. These references are part of Bergson’s repertoire of imagery and demonstrate how his thought evokes uneven readings. The invitation to cross the image of life as childhood with that of childhood as life ultimately evokes a rethinking of what inhabits us as constitutively other: the child we were and the life we are. And it is through the notion of image – as a form of dynamic contact with reality – that we will look for some answers for Bergson’s suggestion that education should promote a childlike (enfantin) knowledge.
- A ciência e os oceanosPublication . Barreiros, João P.Sendo um "lugar comum" falar-se dos Oceanos e dos mares do Mundo como a "última fronteira", nunca é demais voltar a realçar que muito temos ainda por descobrir, analisar e estudar nestes imentos ecossistemas que dominam o Planeta.
- First record of the marine snail Xenophora crispa (Gastropoda: Xenophoridae) from Madeira Island (Northeastern Atlantic Ocean)Publication . Freitas, Magno N. B.; Ramalhosa, Patrício; Moreira, André; Canning-Clode, João; Monteiro, JoãoThe marine snail Xenophora crispa (d' Orbigny, 1847) is recorded for the first time in Madeira Island (NE Atlantic). This species is currently distributed throughout the central and western Mediterranean, western Atlantic from France (Gulf of Biscay) to North Africa (up to Morocco), including the Archipelagos of the Azores, Canary Islands, and now Madeira.
- Cetáceos…esses desconhecidosPublication . Barcelos, Luis M. D.Cetáceos, do grego (ketos: monstro marinho) e do latim (cetos: grande animal marinho), designa um grupo de mamíferos marinhos, popularmente conhecidos como baleias e golfinhos. Animais carismáticos, sejam os pequenos e ágeis golfinhos ou as grandes e majestodas baleias, geraram fascínio, admiração e medo, mas também foram fonte de riqueza e meio de subsistência para diversos povos em todo o mundo. São na sua maioria espécies cosmopolitas, ocorrendo de polo a polo nos oceanos, havendo, no entanto, algumas que, devido à sua ecologia e status populacionais, são restritas a pequenas faixas de alguns milhares de quilómetros quadrados ou menos.
- Contribution to the study of the beneficial fauna of olive orchards in Porto Martins, Terceira Island, AzoresPublication . Moules, Cristina Alexandra Rocha; Tarantino, Elisa; Lopes, David João Horta; Borges, Paulo A. V.The olive tree culture in Terceira Island occupies a strip in Porto Martins area whose fruit is very sought, mainly by tourists and restaurants. The olive tree is very affected by pests, such as the olive fly, which causes high losses and a drastic loss of production. Therefore, large quantities of pesticides are applied whose applications have a great impact, in particular, on beneficial organisms. In this work, the beneficial fauna present in olive groves was identified through the technique of beatings. The impact of the application of pesticides on these beneficial insects present in olive trees with different levels of treatments was also evaluated. For this, orchards with intensive applications, with less intensive applications and one organic orchard were selected to studied and monitoring. It was verified that in the olive groves with intensive and semi-intensive pesticide applications the abundance of beneficial insects was unbalanced, with a low abundance of predatory insects and still high population densities of the olive cottonweed pest. The results obtained point to the fact that chemical treatments do not destroy the target pests and worst contribute to a reduction in auxiliary organisms. In the organic orchard was observed the highest abundance of predatory insects and the lowest abundance of herbivorous insects. These results showed that this type of orchard is in a natural balance and that this is the way to follow in preserving the presence of beneficial insects in the olive parcels because these are very important to keep low pest populations and permit its better control. The conclusions of this study point to the fact that producers can further increase their yield by taking the biological option in their daily practices that will have a lower impact on the beneficial fauna present in the olive groves. At the same time will also permit to preserve the environment and the health of the applicators, producers and of the consumer by obtaining a product without any pesticide residues.
- Daring a childlike writing : children for philosophy, moral end, and the childhood of conceptionsPublication . Costa Carvalho, Magda; Kohan, WalterA child arrives as a new world because in her and with her we feel that the whole world can start over. But that is not the only reason. A child also arrives as a new world because her arrival tells us what, being so simple, we had almost forgotten: that the world is not just old and unquestionable. The child doesn’t let us be indifferent; she breaks with conformity and arrives as hope, reeking of the unpredictable. Of questions. A similar arrival to that of a child is that of certain childlike ideas, such as the idea offered by Matthew Lipman when he created “philosophy for children.” We cele-brate his childlike, daring, irreverent, inquiring character, commemorating his birth nearly 50 years ago. With this childlike idea, a new world began—or at least it be-came possible to start—in worlds which were already a little old and stuck in conformity. When those in institutionalized philosophy and education heard about the audacity of welcoming children among their reputable interlocutors in dialogue and thought, they frowned and turned up their noses. Philosophy for children? How come? Childhood in philosophy?
- What are we saying when we say we listen to children’s voices?Publication . Costa Carvalho, MagdaListening to children is commonly associated with improving educational environments. Many educators believe that granting children more opportunities to express their voices can promote verbalisation skills and boost academic performance. In many schools, the pedagogy of the community of inquiry is adopted to meet such instrumental ends. It is also common to talk about the importance of children’s voices as a resource to improve the quality of life. Since children have thought-provoking perspectives on almost everything, their utterances are welcomed as novel, or enchanting. This stance fits with the promotion of creativity as a core competence for innovation and entrepreneurship in neoliberal societies. Concepts such as ‘inclusion’ and ‘rights’ have permeated discourses about childhood in a striking and unquestioned way. These words have become popular slogans in movements advocating for children and their right to participation. Discourses on listening and voice often reproduce an adultism, rationalist bias in educational relationships. What do we ask children? What do we hear in their answers? Do we really acknowledge that children have a voice of their own? Or are we just listening to what endorses our own experiences? What if using the words ‘voice’ and ‘listen’ is not enough (Lundy, 2007)? Should we return to those very same words?