Percorrer por autor "Reynolds, S. James"
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- L-band radar quantifies major disturbance of birds by fireworks in an urban areaPublication . Wayman, Joseph P.; Atkinson, George; Jahangir, Mohammed; White, Daniel; Matthews, Thomas J.; Antoniou, Michail; Reynolds, S. James; Sadler, Jon P.ABSTRACT: Fireworks and other pyrotechnics are acknowledged as sources of disturbance to wildlife, with evidence that many species react adversely to their sight and sound at discharge. However, how firework releases impact wildlife within a city landscape is poorly understood. Here, we explore the effect of fireworks on urban birds using an L-band staring radar (90-degree sector out to a 5 km range) to capture bird activity derived from flight tracks (i.e. 3D visualisation of individual flying birds built from radar detections) within the city of Birmingham, UK. Comparing the tracks between baseline periods with no fireworks and periods where fireworks are commonly discharged using a null model indicated that birds flew at higher elevations during firework periods (standardised effect sizes of 17.11, 26.54 and 5.83, for Diwali, Bonfire Night, and New Year's Eve, respectively). Birds also flew in more significant numbers (standardised effect sizes of 23.41, 7.98 and 7.19 for Diwali, Bonfire Night, and New Year's Eve, respectively). Therefore, bird activity was elevated during firework events at a time of night when many would otherwise be roosting. Such disturbance may have implications for avian biology since large public firework events occur at colder times of the year in the UK when birds have elevated thermoregulatory costs.
- Movement ecology of urban birds: a review of tracking studiesPublication . Eckhartt, Gregory; Sadler, Jonathan; Matthews, Thomas; Graham, Laura; Reynolds, S. JamesABSTRACT: The world is urbanizing rapidly, impacting the movements of wildlife living within ever fragmenting urban habitats. Movement tracking by biologgers can reveal the nature of these impacts for birds—particularly those that are prevalent within urban environments. We assembled and reviewed 123 studies examining the movements of birds in urban environments using movement tracking. We assumed that avian movements are driven by different internal states, such as foraging or reproduction, and synthesized the literature accordingly. We found that the number of studies per year increased over time, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in the average body mass of studied species over time. However, this was largely driven by studies employing non-satellite biologgers, as opposed to generally more high-resolution satellite biologgers such as GPS (interaction t130 = 3.50, p < 0.001). Furthermore, a tendency towards the study of structurally larger dietary-generalist species (e.g. Laridae spp.; 31.6% study effort) leaves significant gaps in our movement knowledge of smaller dietary-specialist species. Priority areas for future investigations are thus outlined, including focusing on smaller common urban taxa, such as songbirds generally, which form a significant but understudied proportion of our urban birds.