Percorrer por autor "Borges, Paulo Filipe Silva"
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- Hydrogeophysics and Hydrogeology of volcanic islands, characterization of aquifers in the AzoresPublication . Borges, Paulo Filipe Silva; Rodrigues, Francisco Cota; Befus, Kevin Martin; Cruz, José Virgílio de Matos FigueiraABSTRACT: Freshwater availability on small volcanic islands is increasingly threatened by human activities and climate change, underscoring the necessity for a deeper understanding of local hydrogeological systems to ensure sustainable water management. This study investigates the hydrogeology and water quality dynamics of two perched aquifers, one on Terceira and the other on Graciosa, two of the islands in the Azores archipelago (Portugal), employing a multidisciplinary approach that integrates geological, geophysical, and hydrochemical tools. On Terceira Island, the São Sebastião depression hosts a perched aquifer system characterized by significant spatial and temporal variations in groundwater quality. Monthly groundwater sampling from hand-dug wells revealed fluctuations in electrical conductivity (EC), pH, temperature, and chloride (Cl⁻) content. Statistical methods, including cluster and principal component analysis (PCA), were applied alongside hydrochemical and geophysical approaches. The results indicated substantial spatial variability in groundwater quality related to cesspools, agriculture, and other human activities. Temporal analysis highlighted seasonal variations in groundwater temperature and pH, influenced by shallow water table dynamics and agricultural practices. The relationship between EC and Cl- content, along with nutrient analysis, suggests that septic systems and agricultural runoff contribute to groundwater contamination. The findings underscore the need for targeted groundwater management strategies, including enhanced monitoring, stricter regulation of agricultural practices, and the development of sustainable land and water management practices to ensure safe and adequate water resources for the future. Geophysical investigations were carried out using electrical resistivity technique (ERT) surveys, which provided insights into the spatial distribution of geological saturated layers, suggesting continuity of the aquifer and potential for productivity. On Graciosa Island, which has the lowest average annual precipitation in the Azores (≈920 mm), groundwater faces complex issues related to saltwater intrusion, necessitating new solutions and management strategies. A conceptual hydrogeological model was developed based on published data, primarily about geology and hydrochemistry, along with field data. This model identifies a basal aquifer as the island's primary water source and some perched aquifers linked to springs and hand-dug wells. Groundwater recharge is mainly associated with direct infiltration of rainwater into the island’s surface, rapidly reaching the perched aquifers. Discharge inland occurs through springs and drilled wells. Over-exploitation of boreholes is contributing to the salinization of the basal aquifer, highlighting the need for improved water abstraction strategies. The occurrence, circulation, and storage of groundwater within the Graciosa volcanic structure are represented here through a hydrogeological conceptual model. Further investigation of the perched aquifer on Graciosa Island revealed its potential as an alternative freshwater resource. Hydrochemical analysis, hydrostatic level measurements, and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) confirmed the presence of a new perched aquifer in Guadalupe, sharing similarities with other perched aquifers across the Azores. Despite its relatively low mineralization, groundwater quality is compromised by high nitrate concentrations attributed to intensive agricultural activity. Given the increasing risk of saltwater intrusion into the basal aquifer, perched aquifers may serve as a crucial complementary water source to mitigate salinization risk. This study enhances the understanding of groundwater occurrence, flow, and vulnerability in small island settings by integrating hydrogeophysical techniques with water quality assessments. The results provide critical insights for developing sustainable freshwater management practices, which are essential for ensuring long-term water security for island communities facing increasing climatic and human-induced pressures.